<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rss version="2.0"
	xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
	xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/"
	xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
	xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
	xmlns:sy="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/"
	xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"
	xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:geo="http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#" xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/"
	>

<channel>
	<title>Children Autism Clinic</title>
	<atom:link href="http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com</link>
	<description>Autism Awaraness, Education and Information Network</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Mon, 24 Oct 2011 07:51:50 +0000</lastBuildDate>
	<language>en</language>
	<sy:updatePeriod>hourly</sy:updatePeriod>
	<sy:updateFrequency>1</sy:updateFrequency>
	<generator>http://wordpress.com/</generator>
<cloud domain='childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com' port='80' path='/?rsscloud=notify' registerProcedure='' protocol='http-post' />
<image>
		<url>http://s2.wp.com/i/buttonw-com.png</url>
		<title>Children Autism Clinic</title>
		<link>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com</link>
	</image>
	<atom:link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/osd.xml" title="Children Autism Clinic" />
	<atom:link rel='hub' href='http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/?pushpress=hub'/>
		<item>
		<title>Intestinal disaccharidase activity in patients with autism: effect of age, gender, and intestinal inflammation.</title>
		<link>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/24/intestinal-disaccharidase-activity-in-patients-with-autism-effect-of-age-gender-and-intestinal-inflammation/</link>
		<comments>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/24/intestinal-disaccharidase-activity-in-patients-with-autism-effect-of-age-gender-and-intestinal-inflammation/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 24 Oct 2011 07:51:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>The Children Indonesia</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[00.THEORY-CAUSES]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[08.REFERENCE-JOURNAL]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[09.PROFESSIONAL RESOURCES]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[and intestinal inflammation.]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[gender]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Intestinal disaccharidase activity in patients with autism: effect of age]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/24/intestinal-disaccharidase-activity-in-patients-with-autism-effect-of-age-gender-and-intestinal-inflammation/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Intestinal disaccharidase activity in patients with autism: effect of age, gender, and intestinal inflammation. AuthorsKushak RI, et al. Show all Journal Autism. 2011 May;15(3):285-94. Epub 2011 Mar 17. Affiliation Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. kushak.rafail@mgh.harvard.edu Abstract Intestinal disaccharidase activities &#8230; <a href="http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/24/intestinal-disaccharidase-activity-in-patients-with-autism-effect-of-age-gender-and-intestinal-inflammation/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6332245&amp;post=277&amp;subd=childrenautismclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><b>Intestinal disaccharidase activity in patients with autism: effect of age, gender, and intestinal inflammation.</b></p>
<p>AuthorsKushak RI, et al. Show all Journal<br />
Autism. 2011 May;15(3):285-94. Epub 2011 Mar 17.</p>
<p>Affiliation<br />
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. kushak.rafail@mgh.harvard.edu</p>
<p>Abstract<br />
Intestinal disaccharidase activities were measured in 199 individuals with autism to determine the frequency of enzyme deficiency. All patients had duodenal biopsies that were evaluated morphologically and assayed for lactase, sucrase, and maltase activity. Frequency of lactase deficiency was 58% in autistic children ≤ 5 years old and 65% in older patients. As would be expected, patients with autism at age 5 &gt; years demonstrated significant decline in lactase activity (24%, p = .02) in comparison with ≤ 5 years old autistic patients. Boys ≤ 5 years old with autism had 1.7 fold lower lactase activity than girls with autism (p = .02). Only 6% of autistic patients had intestinal inflammation. Lactase deficiency not associated with intestinal inflammation or injury is common in autistic children and may contribute to abdominal discomfort, pain and observed aberrant behavior. Most autistic children with lactose intolerance are not identified by clinical history.</p>
<p>PMID 21415091 [PubMed - in process]</p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/277/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/277/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/277/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/277/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/277/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/277/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/277/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/277/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/277/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/277/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/277/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/277/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/277/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/277/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6332245&amp;post=277&amp;subd=childrenautismclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/24/intestinal-disaccharidase-activity-in-patients-with-autism-effect-of-age-gender-and-intestinal-inflammation/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/f6debdeb22f6b0399ef2901158cc415a?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">cfc</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>The phenotype and neural correlates of language in autism: an integrative review.</title>
		<link>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/24/the-phenotype-and-neural-correlates-of-language-in-autism-an-integrative-review/</link>
		<comments>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/24/the-phenotype-and-neural-correlates-of-language-in-autism-an-integrative-review/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 24 Oct 2011 05:47:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>The Children Indonesia</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The phenotype and neural correlates of language in autism: an integrative review.]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/24/the-phenotype-and-neural-correlates-of-language-in-autism-an-integrative-review/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[AuthorsGroen WB, et al. Show all Journal Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008 Oct;32(8):1416-25. Epub 2008 May 13. Affiliation Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. w.groen@psy.umcn.nl Abstract Although impaired communication is one of the defining criteria in autism, &#8230; <a href="http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/24/the-phenotype-and-neural-correlates-of-language-in-autism-an-integrative-review/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6332245&amp;post=275&amp;subd=childrenautismclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>AuthorsGroen WB, et al. Show all Journal<br />
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008 Oct;32(8):1416-25. Epub 2008 May 13.</p>
<p>Affiliation<br />
Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. w.groen@psy.umcn.nl</p>
<p>Abstract<br />
Although impaired communication is one of the defining criteria in autism, linguistic functioning is highly variable among people with this disorder. Accumulating evidence shows that language impairments in autism are more extensive than commonly assumed and described by formal diagnostic criteria and are apparent at various levels. Phenotypically, most people with autism have semantic, syntactic and pragmatic deficits, a smaller number are known to have phonological deficits. Neurophysiologically, abnormal processing of low-level linguistic information points to perceptual difficulties. Also, abnormal high-level linguistic processing of the frontal and temporal language association cortices indicates more self-reliant and less connected neural subsystems. Early sensory impairments and subsequent atypical neural connectivity are likely to play a part in abnormal language acquisition in autism. This paper aims to review the available data on the phenotype of language in autism as well as a number of structural, electrophysiological and functional brain-imaging studies to provide a more integrated view of the linguistic phenotype and its underlying neural deficits, and to provide new directions for research and therapeutic and experimental applications.</p>
<p>PMID 18562003 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]</p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/275/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/275/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/275/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/275/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/275/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/275/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/275/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/275/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/275/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/275/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/275/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/275/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/275/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/275/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6332245&amp;post=275&amp;subd=childrenautismclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/24/the-phenotype-and-neural-correlates-of-language-in-autism-an-integrative-review/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/f6debdeb22f6b0399ef2901158cc415a?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">cfc</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Efficasy Treatment of Autism</title>
		<link>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/24/efficasy-treatment-of-autism/</link>
		<comments>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/24/efficasy-treatment-of-autism/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 24 Oct 2011 04:29:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>The Children Indonesia</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[05.MANAGEMENT]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[16.DIETARY AUTISM]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Efficasy Treatment of Autism]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/24/efficasy-treatment-of-autism/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Autism therapies attempt to lessen the deficits and abnormal behaviours associated with autism and other autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and to increase the quality of life and functional independence of autistic individuals, especially children. Treatment is typically tailored to the &#8230; <a href="http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/24/efficasy-treatment-of-autism/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6332245&amp;post=269&amp;subd=childrenautismclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Autism therapies attempt to lessen the deficits and abnormal behaviours associated with autism and other autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and to increase the quality of life and functional independence of autistic individuals, especially children. Treatment is typically tailored to the child&#8217;s needs. Treatments fall into two major categories: educational interventions and medical management. Training and support are also given to families of those with ASD.</p>
<p>Studies of interventions have methodological problems that prevent definitive conclusions about efficacy. Although many psychosocial interventions have some positive evidence, suggesting that some form of treatment is preferable to no treatment, the methodological quality of systematic reviews of these studies has generally been poor, their clinical results are mostly tentative, and there is little evidence for the relative effectiveness of treatment options. Intensive, sustained special education programs and behavior therapy early in life can help children with ASD acquire self-care, social, and job skills, and often can improve functioning, and decrease symptom severity and maladaptive behaviors; claims that intervention by around age three years is crucial are not substantiated. Available approaches include applied behavior analysis (ABA), developmental models, structured teaching, speech and language therapy, social skills therapy, and occupational therapy. Educational interventions have some effectiveness in children: intensive ABA treatment has demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing global functioning in preschool children, and is well-established for improving intellectual performance of young children. Neuropsychological reports are often poorly communicated to educators, resulting in a gap between what a report recommends and what education is provided. The limited research on the effectiveness of adult residential programs shows mixed results.</p>
<p>Many medications are used to treat problems associated with ASD. More than half of U.S. children diagnosed with ASD are prescribed psychoactive drugs or anticonvulsants, with the most common drug classes being antidepressants, stimulants, and antipsychotics. Aside from antipsychotics, there is scant reliable research about the effectiveness or safety of drug treatments for adolescents and adults with ASD. A person with ASD may respond atypically to medications, the medications can have adverse effects, and no known medication relieves autism&#8217;s core symptoms of social and communication impairments.</p>
<p>Many alternative therapies and interventions are available, ranging from elimination diets to chelation therapy. Few are supported by scientific studies. Treatment approaches lack empirical support in quality-of-life contexts, and many programs focus on success measures that lack predictive validity and real-world relevance. Scientific evidence appears to matter less to service providers than program marketing, training availability, and parent requests. Even if they do not help, conservative treatments such as changes in diet are expected to be harmless aside from their bother and cost. Dubious invasive treatments are a much more serious matter: for example, in 2005, botched chelation therapy killed a five-year-old boy with autism.</p>
<p>Treatment is expensive; indirect costs are more so. For someone born in 2000, a U.S. study estimated an average discounted lifetime cost of $3.77 million (2011 dollars, inflation-adjusted from 2003 estimate[26]), with about 10% medical care, 30% extra education and other care, and 60% lost economic productivity.[27] A UK study estimated discounted lifetime costs at ₤1.33 million and ₤859 thousand for an autistic person with and without intellectual disability, respectively (2011 pounds, inflation-adjusted from 2005/06 estimate. Legal rights to treatment are complex, vary with location and age, and require advocacy by caregivers. Publicly supported programs are often inadequate or inappropriate for a given child, and unreimbursed out-of-pocket medical or therapy expenses are associated with likelihood of family financial problems; one 2008 U.S. study found a 14% average loss of annual income in families of children with ASD, and a related study found that ASD is associated with higher probability that child care problems will greatly affect parental employment. After childhood, key treatment issues include residential care, job training and placement, sexuality, social skills, and estate planning.</p>
<p>Educational interventions</p>
<p>Educational interventions attempt to help children not only to learn academic subjects and gain traditional readiness skills, but also to improve functional communication and spontaneity, enhance social skills such as joint attention, gain cognitive skills such as symbolic play, reduce disruptive behavior, and generalize learned skills by applying them to new situations. Several model programs have been developed, which in practice often overlap and share many features, including:</p>
<p>early intervention that does not wait for a definitive diagnosis;<br />
intense intervention, at least 25 hours per week, 12 months per year;<br />
low student/teacher ratio;<br />
family involvement, including training of parents;<br />
interaction with neurotypical peers;<br />
structure that includes predictable routine and clear physical boundaries to lessen distraction; and<br />
ongoing measurement of a systematically planned intervention, resulting in adjustments as needed.<br />
Several educational intervention methods are available, as discussed below. They can take place at home, at school, or at a center devoted to autism treatment; they can be done by parents, teachers, speech and language therapists, and occupational therapists. A 2007 study found that augmenting a center-based program with weekly home visits by a special education teacher improved cognitive development and behavior.</p>
<p>Studies of interventions have methodological problems that prevent definitive conclusions about efficacy.  Although many psychosocial interventions have some positive evidence, suggesting that some form of treatment is preferable to no treatment, the methodological quality of systematic reviews of these studies has generally been poor, their clinical results are mostly tentative, and there is little evidence for the relative effectiveness of treatment options. Concerns about outcome measures, such as their inconsistent use, most greatly affect how the results of scientific studies are interpreted. A 2009 Minnesota study found that parents follow behavioral treatment recommendations significantly less often than they follow medical recommendations, and that they adhere more often to reinforcement than to punishment recommendations. Intensive, sustained special education programs and behavior therapy early in life can help children acquire self-care, social, and job skills, and often improve functioning and decrease symptom severity and maladaptive behaviors; claims that intervention by around age three years is crucial are not substantiated.</p>
<p>Applied behavior analysis</p>
<p>Further information: Applied behavior analysis and Lovaas technique<br />
Lovaas</p>
<p>Applied behavior analysis (ABA) is the applied research field of the science of behavior analysis, and it underpins a wide range of techniques used to treat autism and many other behaviors and diagnoses ABA-based interventions focus on teaching tasks one-on-one using the behaviorist principles of stimulus, response and reward, and on reliable measurement and objective evaluation of observed behavior. There is wide variation in the professional practice of behavior analysis and among the assessments and interventions used in school-based ABA programs. Many interventions rely heavily on discrete trial teaching (DTT) methods, which use stimulus-response-reward techniques to teach foundational skills such as attention, compliance, and imitation. However, children have problems using DTT-taught skills in natural environments. These students are often taught with Natural language procedures to help lessen problems from DTT. In functional assessment, a common technique, a teacher formulates a clear description of a problem behavior, identifies antecedents, consequents, and other environmental factors that influence and maintain the behavior, develops hypotheses about what occasions and maintains the behavior, and collects observations to support the hypotheses.[2] A few more-comprehensive ABA programs use multiple assessment and intervention methods individually and dynamically.</p>
<p>ABA-based techniques have demonstrated effectiveness in several controlled studies: children have been shown to make sustained gains in academic performance, adaptive behavior, and language, with outcomes significantly better than control groups. A 2009 review of educational interventions for children, whose mean age was six years or less at intake, found that the higher-quality studies all assessed ABA, that ABA is well-established and no other educational treatment is considered probably-efficacious, and that intensive ABA treatment, carried out by trained therapists, is demonstrated effective in enhancing global functioning in pre-school children. These gains maybe complicated by initial IQ. A 2008 evidence-based review of comprehensive treatment approaches found that ABA is well-established for improving intellectual performance of young children with ASD. A 2009 comprehensive synthesis of early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI), a form of ABA treatment, found that EIBI produces strong effects, suggesting that it can be effective for some children with autism; it also found that the large effects might be an artifact of comparison groups with treatments that have yet to be empirically validated, and that no comparisons between EIBI and other widely recognized treatment programs have been published. A 2009 systematic review came to the same principal conclusion that EIBI is effective for some but not all children, with wide variability in response to treatment; it also suggested that any gains are likely to be greatest in the first year of intervention. A 2009 meta-analysis concluded that EIBI has a large effect on full-scale intelligence and a moderate effect on adaptive behavior. However, a 2009 systematic review and meta-analysis found that applied behavior intervention (ABI), another name for EIBI, did not significantly improve outcomes compared with standard care of preschool children with ASD in the areas of cognitive outcome, expressive language, receptive language, and adaptive behavior. Applied behavior analysis is cost effective for administrators </p>
<p>Recently behavior analysts have built comprehensive models of child development (see Behavior analysis of child development ) to generate models for prevention as well as treatment for autism.</p>
<p>Pivotal response therapy</p>
<p>Main article: Pivotal response therapy<br />
Pivotal response therapy or treatment (PRT) is a naturalistic intervention derived from ABA principles. Instead of individual behaviors, it targets pivotal areas of a child&#8217;s development, such as motivation, responsivity to multiple cues, self-management, and social initiations; it aims for widespread improvements in areas that are not specifically targeted. The child determines activities and objects that will be used in a PRT exchange. Intended attempts at the target behavior are rewarded with a natural reinforcer: for example, if a child attempts a request for a stuffed animal, the child receives the animal, not a piece of candy or other unrelated reinforcer.</p>
<p>Aversion therapy</p>
<p>The Judge Rotenberg Educational Center uses aversion therapy, notably contingent shock (electric shock delivered to the skin for a few seconds), to control the behavior of its patients, many of which are autistic. The practice is controversial.</p>
<p>Communication interventions</p>
<p>The inability to communicate, verbally or non-verbally, is a core deficit in Autism. Children with Autism are often engaged in repetitive activity or other behaviors because they cannot convey their intent any other way. They do not know how to communicate their ideas to caregivers or others. Helping a child with Autism learn to communicate their needs and ideas is absolutely core to any intervention. Communication can either be verbal or non-verbal. Children with Autism require intensive intervention to learn how to communicate their intent.</p>
<p>Communication interventions fall into two major categories. First, many autistic children do not speak, or have little speech, or have difficulties in effective use of language. Social skills have been shown to be effective in treating children with autism. Interventions that attempt to improve communication are commonly conducted by speech and language therapists, and work on joint attention, communicative intent, and alternative or augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) methods such as visual methods. Little solid research supports the efficacy of speech therapy for autism; AAC methods do not appear to impede speech and may result in modest gains.  A 2006 study reported benefits both for joint attention intervention and for symbolic play intervention, and a 2007 study found that joint attention intervention is more likely than symbolic play intervention to cause children to engage later in shared interactions.</p>
<p>Second, social skills treatment attempts to increase social and communicative skills of autistic individuals, addressing a core deficit of autism. A wide range of intervention approaches is available, including modeling and reinforcement, adult and peer mediation strategies, peer tutoring, social games and stories, self-management, pivotal response therapy, video modeling, direct instruction, visual cuing, Circle of Friends and social-skills groups.[55] A 2007 meta-analysis of 55 studies of school-based social skills intervention found that they were minimally effective for children and adolescents with ASD, and a 2007 review found that social skills training has minimal empirical support for children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism.</p>
<p>Speech therapy</p>
<p>Main article: Speech therapy<br />
Picture Exchange Communication System</p>
<p>Main article: Picture Exchange Communication System<br />
SCERTS</p>
<p>Social Communication/ Emotional Regulation/ Transactional Support.</p>
<p>Relationship based, developmental models</p>
<p>Relationship based models give importance to the relationships that help children reach and master early developmental milestones. These are often missed or not mastered in children with ASD. Examples of these early milestones are engagement and interest in the world, intimacy with a caregiver, intentionality of action.</p>
<p>Relationship Development Intervention</p>
<p>Main article: Relationship Development Intervention<br />
Floortime/DIR</p>
<p>Main article: Floortime<br />
The Floortime/DIR (Developmental, Individual Differences based, Relationship based ) approach is a developmental intervention to autism developed by Stanley Greenspan and Serena Weider. Its core precept is to understand the child&#8217;s sensory differences, follow the child&#8217;s lead and use these to encourage children with ASD to climb up the developmental ladder. This approach is based on the idea that the core deficits in autism are individual differences in the sensory system, motor planning problems, the inability to relate and the inability to connect ones desire to intentional action and communication. When addressed through a combination of sensory support and DIR/Floortime techniques, the facilitator is playfully obstructive to redirect the child to play and relate to their therapist. As a result, children can become more social, less repetitive and also develop symbolic abilities.</p>
<p>The DIR model is based on the idea that due to individual processing differences children with ASD do not master the early developmental milestones that are the foundations of learning. DIR outlines six core developmental stages that children with ASD have often missed or not mastered:</p>
<p>Stage One: Regulation and Interest in the World: Being calm and feeling well enough to attend to a caregiver and surroundings. Have shared attention.<br />
Stage Two: Engagement and Relating: Interest in another person and in the world, developing a special bond with preferred caregivers. Distinguishing inanimate objects from people.<br />
Stage Three: Two way intentional communication: Simple back and forth interactions between child and caregiver. Smiles, tickles, anticipatory play.<br />
Stage Four: Social Problem solving: Using gestures, interaction, babble to indicate needs, wants, pleasure, upset. Get a caregiver to help with a problem. Using pre-language skills to show intention.<br />
Stage Five: Symbolic Play: Using words, pictures, symbols to communicate an intention, idea. Communicate ideas and thoughts, not just wants and needs.<br />
Stage Six: Bridging Ideas: This stage is the foundation of logic, reasoning, emotional thinking and a sense of reality.<br />
Most typically developing children have mastered these stages by age 5 years. However, children with ASD struggle with or have missed some of these vital developmental stages. When these foundational abilities are strengthened through the child&#8217;s lead and through meaningful play with a caregiver, children begin to climb up the developmental ladder. An introduction to DIR/Floortime can be found in the book &#8211; Engaging Autism: Using the Floortime Approach to Help Children Relate, Communicate, and Think, by Stanley Greenspan, M.D. and Serena Wieder, PhD.</p>
<p>The P.L.A.Y. Project (or PLAY Project)</p>
<p>Main article: The P.L.A.Y. Project<br />
The P.L.A.Y. Project (or PLAY Project) [59](an acryonym for PLAY and Language for Autistic Youngsters) is a community-based, national autism training and early intervention program established in 2001 by Richard Solomon, MD.[60] Based on the DIR® (Developmental, Individualized, Relationship-based) theory of Stanley Greenspan MD, the program is designed to train parents and professionals to implement intensive, developmental interventions for young children (18 months to 6 years) with autism. The program is operating in nearly 100 agencies worldwide including 25 states and in 5 countries outside of the U.S. (Australia, Canada, England, Ireland and Switzerland). The PLAY Project has been operating since 2001 from its headquarters in Ann Arbor, MI.</p>
<p>In September 2009, The P.L.A.Y. Project received a $1.85 million grant [61] from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) to conduct a three-year controlled, clinical study of the P.L.A.Y. Project model. Drawing participants from five Easter Seals autism service locations, the study compares the outcomes of 60 children who participate in The P.L.A.Y. Project with the outcomes of 60 children who receive standard community interventions, making it the largest study of its kind. Before and after the 12-month intervention, each child is assessed with a battery of tests to measure developmental level, speech and language, sensory-motor profile, and social skills.</p>
<p>The results of previous research on the program were published by the peer-reviewed British journal, Autism.</p>
<p>Son-Rise</p>
<p>Main article: Son-Rise<br />
Son-Rise is a home-based program that emphasizes on implementing a color and sensory-free playroom. Before the home-based program, however, an institute teaches the method to the parents for a week. The staff train parents how to accept their child without judgment through a series of dialogue sessions. What differentiates them from other play therapies is after they mimic a child&#8217;s repetitive and restricted behaviors and the child moves further away from interaction, the facilitator continues to join them only this time through parallel play. The goal is to get the child&#8217;s willing engagement. Proponents claim that children will decide to become non-autistic after parents accept them for who they are and engage them in play. The program was started by the parents of Raun Kaufman, who is claimed to have gone from being autistic to normal via the treatment in the early 1970s. No independent study has tested the efficacy of the program, but a 2003 study found that involvement with the program led to more drawbacks than benefits for the involved families over time, and a 2006 study found that the program is not always implemented as it is typically described in the literature, which suggests it will be difficult to evaluate its efficacy.</p>
<p>TEACCH</p>
<p>Main article: Treatment and education of autistic and related communication handicapped children<br />
Treatment and education of autistic and related communication handicapped children (TEACCH), which has come to be called &#8220;structured teaching&#8221;, emphasizes structure by using organized physical environments, predictably sequenced activities, visual schedules and visually structured activities, and structured work/activity systems where each child can practice various tasks. Parents are taught to implement the treatment at home. A 1998 controlled trial found that children treated with a TEACCH-based home program improved significantly more than a control group.</p>
<p>Sensory integration</p>
<p>Unusual responses to sensory stimuli are more common and prominent in children with autism, although there is not good evidence that sensory symptoms differentiate autism from other developmental disorders. Several therapies have been developed to treat Sensory Integration Dysfunction. Some of these treatments (for example, sensorimotor handling) have a questionable rationale and have no empirical evidence. Other treatments have been studied, with small positive outcomes, but few conclusions can be drawn due to methodological problems with the studies. These treatments include prism lenses, physical exercise, auditory integration training, and sensory stimulation or inhibition techniques such as &#8220;deep pressure&#8221;—firm touch pressure applied either manually or via an apparatus such as a hug machine or a pressure garment.[69] Weighted vests, a popular deep-pressure therapy, have only a limited amount of scientific research available, which on balance indicates that the therapy is ineffective. Although replicable treatments have been described and valid outcome measures are known, gaps exist in knowledge related to sensory integration dysfunction and therapy. Because empirical support is limited, systematic evaluation is needed if these interventions are used.</p>
<p>The term Sensory integration in simple terms means the ability to use all of ones senses to accomplish a task. Occupational Therapists sometimes prescribe sensory treatments for children with Autism however in general there has been little or no scientific evidence of effectiveness.</p>
<p>A recent book My Stroke of Insight by Jill Bolte Taylor gives some insight, from a brain researcher&#8217;s point of view, on what sensory dysfunction feels like. Other books on sensory integration include The Out of Sync Child &#8211; Recognizing and Coping with Sensory Processing Disorder by Carol Kranowitz and Lucy Jane Miller.</p>
<p>Massage therapy</p>
<p>A review of massage therapy as a symptomatic treatment of autism found limited evidence of benefit. There were few high quality studies, and due to the risk of bias found in the studies analyzed, no firm conclusions about the efficacy of massage therapy could be drawn.</p>
<p>Music</p>
<p>Music therapy uses the elements of music to let people express their feelings and communicate. Two small studies have reported short-term improvement in verbal and gestural communication skills of children with autism from a week&#8217;s work of daily sessions; no significant effects on behavior problems were observed.</p>
<p>Animal-assisted therapy</p>
<p>Animal-assisted therapy, where an animal such as a dog or a horse becomes a basic part of a person&#8217;s treatment, is a controversial treatment for some symptoms. A 2007 meta-analysis found that animal-assisted therapy is associated with a moderate improvement in autism spectrum symptoms. Reviews of published dolphin-assisted therapy (DAT) studies have found important methodological flaws and have concluded that there is no compelling scientific evidence that DAT is a legitimate therapy or that it affords any more than fleeting improvements in mood.</p>
<p>Neurofeedback</p>
<p>Neurofeedback attempts to train individuals to regulate their brainwave patterns by letting them observe their brain activity more directly. In its most traditional form, the output of EEG electrodes is fed into a computer that controls a game-like audiovisual display. Neurofeedback has been evaluated with positive results for ASD, but studies have lacked random assignment to controls.</p>
<p>Patterning</p>
<p>Patterning is a set of exercises that attempts to improve the organization of a child&#8217;s neurologic impairments. It has been used for decades to treat children with several unrelated neurologic disorders, including autism. The method, taught at the The Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential, is based on oversimplified theories and is not supported by carefully designed research studies.</p>
<p>Packing</p>
<p>In packing, children are wrapped tightly for up to an hour in wet sheets that have been refrigerated, with only their heads left free. The treatment is repeated several times a week, and can continue for years. It is intended as treatment for autistic children who harm themselves; most of these children cannot speak. Similar envelopment techniques have been used for centuries, such as to calm violent patients in Germany in the 19th century; its modern use in France began in the 1960s, based on psychoanalytic theories such as the theory of the refrigerator mother. Packing is currently used in hundreds of French clinics. There is no scientific evidence for the effectiveness of packing, and some concern about risk of adverse health effects.</p>
<p>Parent mediated interventions</p>
<p>Parent mediated interventions offer support and practical advice to parents of autistic children.[50] Randomized and controlled studies suggest that parent training leads to reduced maternal depression, improved maternal knowledge of autism and communication style, and improved child communicative behavior.[80] A Cochrane Review (2002) of the evidence found two relevant research items, and observed &#8220;intensive intervention (involving parents, but primarily delivered by professionals) was associated with better child outcomes on direct measurement than were found for parent-mediated early intervention, but no differences were found in relation to measures of parent and teacher perceptions of skills and behaviours&#8221;. A 2006 randomized controlled trial (RCT) found that a twenty-week parent education and behavior management (PEBM) program provided significant improvements in parental mental health and well-being, particularly for parents with preexisting mental health problems. Parent child interaction therapy is a model that has demonstrated success with children with oppositional defiant disorder that has recently been applied to children with autism. A 2008 pilot trial of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy, a parent coaching intervention model, for boys aged 5–12 with high-functioning ASD and behavioral problems, found increases in child adaptability and reductions in parent perceptions of child problem behaviors.</p>
<p>Medical management</p>
<p>Drugs, supplements, or diets are often used to alter physiology in an attempt to relieve common autistic symptoms such as seizures, sleep disturbances, irritability, and hyperactivity that can interfere with education or social adaptation or (more rarely) cause autistic individuals to harm themselves or others.[85] There is plenty of anecdotal evidence to support medical treatment; many parents who try one or more therapies report some progress, and there are a few well-publicized reports of children who are able to return to mainstream education after treatment, with dramatic improvements in health and well-being. However, this evidence may be confounded by improvements seen in autistic children who grow up without treatment, by the difficulty of verifying reports of improvements, and by the lack of reporting of treatments&#8217; negative outcomes. Only a very few medical treatments are well supported by scientific evidence using controlled experiments.</p>
<p>Prescription medication</p>
<p>Many medications are used to treat problems associated with ASD. More than half of U.S. children diagnosed with ASD are prescribed psychoactive drugs or anticonvulsants, with the most common drug classes being antidepressants, stimulants, and antipsychotics. Only the antipsychotics have clearly demonstrated efficacy.</p>
<p>Research has focused on atypical antipsychotics, especially risperidone, which has the largest amount of evidence that consistently shows improvements in irritability, self-injury, aggression, and tantrums associated with ASD.[87] Risperidone is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating symptomatic irritability in autistic children and adolescents. In short-term trials (up to six months) most adverse events were mild to moderate, with weight gain, drowsiness, and high blood sugar requiring monitoring; long term efficacy and safety have not been fully determined.  It is unclear whether risperidone improves autism&#8217;s core social and communication deficits. The FDA&#8217;s decision was based in part on a study of autistic children with severe and enduring problems of tantrums, aggression, and self-injury; risperidone is not recommended for autistic children with mild aggression and explosive behavior without an enduring pattern.</p>
<p>Other drugs are prescribed off-label in the U.S., which means they have not been approved for treating ASD. Large placebo-controlled studies of olanzapine and aripiprazole were underway in early 2008.[12] Some selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and dopamine blockers can reduce some maladaptive behaviors associated with ASD.  Although SSRIs reduce levels of repetitive behavior in autistic adults, a 2009 multisite randomized controlled study found no benefit and some adverse effects in children from the SSRI citalopram, raising doubts whether SSRIs are effective for treating repetitive behavior in autistic children. A further study of related medical reviews determined that the prescription of SSRI antidepressants for treating autistic spectrum disorders in children lacked any evidence, and could not be recommended. One study found that the psychostimulant methylphenidate was efficacious against hyperactivity associated with ASD, though with less response than in neurotypical children with ADHD. Of the many medications studied for treatment of aggressive and self-injurious behavior in children and adolescents with autism, only risperidone and methylphenidate demonstrate results that have been replicated. A 1998 study of the hormone secretin reported improved symptoms and generated tremendous interest, but several controlled studies since have found no benefit. Oxytocin may play a role in autism and may be an effective treatment for repetitive and affiliative behaviors;[96] two related studies in adults found that oxytocin decreased repetitive behaviors and improved interpretation of emotions, but these preliminary results do not necessarily apply to children. An experimental drug STX107 has stopped overproduction of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in rodents, and it has been hypothesized that this may help in about 5% of autism cases, but this hypothesis has not been tested in humans.</p>
<p>Aside from antipsychotics, there is scant reliable research about the effectiveness or safety of drug treatments for adolescents and adults with ASD. Results of the handful of randomized control trials that have been performed suggest that risperidone, the SSRI fluvoxamine, and the typical antipsychotic haloperidol may be effective in reducing some behaviors, that haloperidol may be more effective than the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine, and that the opiate antagonist naltrexone hydrochloride is not effective. A person with ASD may respond atypically to medications, the medications can have adverse side effects, and no known medication relieves autism&#8217;s core symptoms of social and communication impairments.</p>
<p>Dietary supplements</p>
<p>Many parents give their children dietary supplements in an attempt to treat autism or to alleviate its symptoms. The range of supplements given is wide; few are supported by scientific data, but most have relatively mild side effects.</p>
<p>A review found some low-quality evidence to support the use of vitamin B6 in combination with magnesium at high doses, but the evidence was equivocal and the review noted the possible danger of fatal hypermagnesemia. A Cochrane Review of the evidence for the use of B6 and magnesium found that &#8220;[d]ue to the small number of studies, the methodological quality of studies, and small sample sizes, no recommendation can be advanced regarding the use of B6-Mg as a treatment for autism.&#8221;</p>
<p>Dimethylglycine (DMG) is hypothesized to improve speech and reduce autistic behaviors, and is a commonly used supplement. Two double-blind, placebo-controlled studies found no statistically significant effect on autistic behaviors, and reported few side effects. No peer-reviewed studies have addressed treatment with the related compound trimethylglycine.</p>
<p>Vitamin C decreased stereotyped behavior in a small 1993 study. The study has not been replicated, and vitamin C has limited popularity as an autism treatment. High doses might cause kidney stones or gastrointestinal upset such as diarrhea.</p>
<p>Probiotics containing potentially beneficial bacteria are hypothesized to relieve some symptoms of autism by minimizing yeast overgrowth in the colon. The hypothesized yeast overgrowth has not been confirmed by endoscopy, the mechanism connecting yeast overgrowth to autism is only hypothetical, and no clinical trials to date have been published in the peer-reviewed literature. No negative side effects have been reported.</p>
<p>Melatonin is sometimes used to manage sleep problems in developmental disorders. Adverse effects are generally reported to be mild, including drowsiness, headache, dizziness, and nausea; however, an increase in seizure frequency is reported among susceptible children. A 2008 open trial found that melatonin appears to be a safe and well-tolerated treatment for insomnia in children with ASD. and suggested controlled trials to determine efficacy; a small 2009 retrospective study had similar results for adults.</p>
<p>Although omega-3 fatty acids, which are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), are a popular treatment for children with ASD, there is very little scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness, and further research is needed.</p>
<p>Several other supplements have been hypothesized to relieve autism symptoms, including BDTH2, carnosine, cholesterol,cyproheptadine, D-cycloserine, folic acid, glutathione, metallothionein promoters, other PUFA such as omega-6 fatty acids, tryptophan, tyrosine, thiamine (see Chelation therapy), vitamin B12, and zinc. These lack reliable scientific evidence of efficacy or safety in treatment of autism.</p>
<p>Diets</p>
<p>Further information: Gluten-free, casein-free diet<br />
Atypical eating behavior occurs in about three-quarters of children with ASD, to the extent that it was formerly a diagnostic indicator. Selectivity is the most common problem, although eating rituals and food refusal also occur;[106] this does not appear to result in malnutrition. Although some children with autism also have gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, there is a lack of published rigorous data to support the theory that autistic children have more or different GI symptoms than usual; studies report conflicting results, and the relationship between GI problems and ASD is unclear.</p>
<p>In the early 1990s, it was hypothesized that autism can be caused or aggravated by opioid peptides like casomorphine that are metabolic products of gluten and casein.[108] Based on this hypothesis, diets that eliminate foods containing either gluten or casein, or both, are widely promoted, and many testimonials can be found describing benefits in autism-related symptoms, notably social engagement and verbal skills. Studies supporting these claims have had significant flaws, so these data are inadequate to guide treatment recommendations.</p>
<p>Other elimination diets have also been proposed, targeting salicylates, food dyes, yeast, and simple sugars. No scientific evidence has established the efficacy of such diets in treating autism in children. An elimination diet may create nutritional deficiencies that harm overall health unless care is taken to assure proper nutrition.[17] For example, a 2008 study found that autistic boys on casein-free diets have significantly thinner bones than usual, presumably because the diets contribute to calcium and vitamin D deficiencies.</p>
<p>Chelation therapy</p>
<p>Based on the speculation that heavy metal poisoning may trigger the symptoms of autism, particularly in small subsets of individuals who cannot excrete toxins effectively, some parents have turned to alternative medicine practitioners who provide detoxification treatments via chelation therapy. However, evidence to support this practice has been anecdotal and not rigorous. Strong epidemiological evidence refutes links between environmental triggers, in particular thimerosal containing vaccines, and the onset of autistic symptoms. No scientific data supports the claim that the mercury in the vaccine preservative thiomersal causes autismor its symptoms, and there is no scientific support for chelation therapy as a treatment for autism.</p>
<p>Chelation therapy can be hazardous. In August 2005, an incorrect form of EDTA used for chelation therapy resulted in hypocalcemia, causing cardiac arrest that killed a five-year-old autistic boy.</p>
<p>Thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide (TTFD) is hypothesized to act as a chelating agent in children with autism. A 2002 pilot study administered TTFD rectally to ten autism spectrum children, and found beneficial clinical effect. This study has not been replicated, and a 2006 review of thiamine by the same author did not mention thiamine&#8217;s possible effect on autism. There is not sufficient evidence to support the use of thiamine (vitamin B1) to treat autism.</p>
<p>Chiropractic</p>
<p>Chiropractic is an alternative medical practice whose main hypothesis is that mechanical disorders of the spine affect general health via the nervous system, and whose main treatment is spinal manipulation. A significant portion of the profession rejects vaccination, as traditional chiropractic philosophy equates vaccines to poison.[115] Most chiropractic writings on vaccination focus on its negative aspects,[116] claiming that it is hazardous, ineffective, and unnecessary, and in some cases suggesting that vaccination causes autism or that chiropractors should be the primary contact for treatment of autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Chiropractic treatment has not been shown to be effective for medical conditions other than back pain, and there is insufficient scientific evidence to make conclusions about chiropractic care for autism.</p>
<p>Craniosacral therapy</p>
<p>Craniosacral therapy is based on the theory that restrictions at cranial sutures of the skull affect rhythmic impulses conveyed via cerebrospinal fluid, and that gentle pressure on external areas can improve the flow and balance of the supply of this fluid to the brain, relieving symptoms of many conditions.[120] There is no scientific support for major elements of the underlying model,[121] there is little scientific evidence to support the therapy, and research methods that could conclusively evaluate the therapy&#8217;s effectiveness have not been applied.[120] No published studies are available on the use of this therapy for autism.</p>
<p>Electroconvulsive therapy</p>
<p>Studies indicate that 12–17% of adolescents and young adults with autism satisfy diagnostic criteria for catatonia, which is loss of or hyperactive motor activity. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been used to treat cases of catatonia and related conditions in people with autism. However, no controlled trials have been performed of ECT in autism, and there are serious ethical and legal obstacles to its use.</p>
<p>Hyperbaric oxygen therapy</p>
<p>A boy with ASD, and his father, in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber.<br />
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) can compensate for decreased blood flow by increasing the oxygen content in the body. It has been postulated that HBOT might relieve some of the core symptoms of autism. A small 2009 double-blind study of autistic children found that 40 hourly treatments of 24% oxygen at 1.3 atmospheres provided significant improvement in the children&#8217;s behavior immediately after treatment sessions. The study has not been independently confirmed; further studies are planned or in progress.</p>
<p>Prosthetics</p>
<p>Unlike conventional neuromotor prostheses, neurocognitive prostheses would sense or modulate neural function in order to physically reconstitute cognitive processes such as executive function and language. No neurocognitive prostheses are currently available but the development of implantable neurocognitive brain-computer interfaces has been proposed to help treat conditions such as autism.</p>
<p>Affective computing devices, typically with image or voice recognition capabilities, have been proposed to help autistic individuals improve their social communication skills. These devices are still under development. Robots have also been proposed as educational aids for autistic children.</p>
<p>Stem cell therapy</p>
<p>Mesenchymal stem cells and cord blood CD34+ cells have been proposed to treat autism, but this proposal has not been tested.</p>
<p>Alternative medicine</p>
<p>Acupuncture has not been found to be helpful. [128]However, ongoing research suggests that so-called &#8220;sham acupuncture&#8221; used in the cited study is an ineffective method to test the usefulness of acupuncture.</p>
<p>Religious interventions</p>
<p>The Table Talk of Martin Luther contains the story of a twelve-year-old boy who may have been severely autistic. According to Luther&#8217;s notetaker Mathesius, Luther thought the boy was a soulless mass of flesh possessed by the devil, and suggested that he be suffocated. In 2003, an autistic boy in Wisconsin suffocated during an exorcism in which he was wrapped in sheets. Some Pentecostal and charismatic Christians believe that autism is the result of a &#8220;generational curse&#8221; visited upon a child for the sins of a parent, and can be cured through repentance and divine healing.</p>
<p>Ultraorthodox Jewish parents sometimes use spiritual and mystical interventions such as prayers, blessings, recitations of religious text, holy water, amulets, changing the child&#8217;s name, and exorcism.</p>
<p>One study has suggested that spirituality and not religious activities involving the mothers of autistic children were associated with better outcomes for the child.</p>
<p>Anti-cure perspective</p>
<p>Further information: Autism rights movement<br />
The exact cause of autism is unclear, yet some organizations advocate researching a cure. Some autism rights organizations view autism as a way of life rather than as a disease and thus advocate acceptance over a search for a cure.</p>
<p>Source : wikipedia</p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/269/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/269/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/269/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/269/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/269/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/269/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/269/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/269/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/269/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/269/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/269/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/269/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/269/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/269/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6332245&amp;post=269&amp;subd=childrenautismclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/24/efficasy-treatment-of-autism/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/f6debdeb22f6b0399ef2901158cc415a?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">cfc</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Gangguan Strukstur dan Fungsi Otak Penderita Autism</title>
		<link>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/24/gangguan-strukstur-dan-fungsi-otak-penderita-autism/</link>
		<comments>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/24/gangguan-strukstur-dan-fungsi-otak-penderita-autism/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 24 Oct 2011 01:35:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>The Children Indonesia</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[diagnosis-deteksi dini]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[penyebab]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gangguan Strukstur dan Fungsi Otak Penderita Autism]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/?p=265</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Terdapat berbagai variasi kelainan pada struktur dan fungsi otak penderita Autism Volume Otak meningkat  Struktur Abnormal lobus otak frontalis dan corpus callosum Functional neuroimaging ketidak seimbangan metabolisme inter-regional dan inter-hemispheric brain metabolism Gangguan aliran darah pada otak bagian anterior cingulate gyrus. &#8230; <a href="http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/24/gangguan-strukstur-dan-fungsi-otak-penderita-autism/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6332245&amp;post=265&amp;subd=childrenautismclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Terdapat berbagai variasi kelainan pada struktur dan fungsi otak penderita Autism</p>
<ul>
<li>Volume Otak meningkat</li>
<li> Struktur Abnormal lobus otak frontalis dan corpus callosum</li>
<li>Functional neuroimaging ketidak seimbangan metabolisme inter-regional dan inter-hemispheric brain metabolism</li>
<li>Gangguan aliran darah pada otak bagian anterior cingulate gyrus.</li>
</ul>
<p>Referensi :</p>
<ul>
<li>Deb S, Thompson B. Neuroimaging in autism Br J Psychiatry. 1998 Oct;173:299-302.</li>
<li>Johansson M, Billstedt E, Danielsson S, Strömland K, Miller M, Granström G, Flodmark O, Råstam M, Gillberg C. Autism spectrum disorder and underlying brain mechanism in the oculoauriculovertebral spectrum. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007 Apr;49(4):280-8</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>supported by</strong><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong><img class="alignright" title="DIAZ PAPA PERIKSA" src="http://childrenclinic.files.wordpress.com/2008/12/diaz-papa-periksa.jpg?w=242&#038;h=138&#038;h=138" alt="DIAZ PAPA PERIKSA" width="242" height="138" /></strong><strong>CLINIC FOR CHILDREN </strong><strong>Yudhasmara Foundation </strong><strong> </strong><strong> </strong><a href="http://www.clinicforchildren.blogspot.com/">www.childrenclinic.wordpress.com/</a></p>
<ul>
<li>
<div><strong>Children’s Allergy Center Online</strong> <a href="http://www.childrenallergyclinic.wordpress.com/">www.childrenallergyclinic.wordpress.com/</a></div>
</li>
<li>
<div><strong>Picky Eaters Clinic, Klinik Kesulitan makan Pada Anak</strong> <a href="http://www.childrenallergyclinic.wordpress.com/">www.mypickyeaters.wordpress.com/</a></div>
</li>
<li>
<div>Email<strong> : </strong><strong> </strong><a href="mailto:judarwanto@gmail.com"><strong>judarwanto@gmail.com</strong></a> Office : JL Taman bendungan Asahan 5 Bendungan Hilir Jakarta Pusat 10210  Phone : (021) 70081995 – 5703646<strong><em><strong> </strong></em></strong></div>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><em><strong>WORKING TOGETHER SUPPORT TO THE HEALTH OF ALL CHILDREN BY CLINICAL, RESEARCH AND EDUCATIONS.</strong><strong> </strong><strong> </strong><strong><em>Advancing of the future pediatric and future parenting to optimalized physical, mental and social health and well being for fetal, newborn, infant, children, adolescents and young adult</em></strong></em></strong></p>
<p><img class="alignleft" src="http://mypickyeaters.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/img_6331.jpg?w=148&#038;h=222&#038;h=222" alt="" width="148" height="222" /><strong>Clinical -  Editor in Chief :</strong></p>
<p><strong>WIDODO JUDARWANTO, pediatrician</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong><strong>email : </strong><a href="mailto:judarwanto@gmail.com"><strong>judarwanto@gmail.com</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="http://childrenclinic.wordpress.com/2009/02/18/curriculum-vitae-dr-widodo-judarwanto/">curriculum vitae</a></p>
<p>For Daily Newsletter join with this Twitter <a href="https://twitter.com/WidoJudarwanto" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/WidoJudarwanto</a></p>
<p>Information on this web site is provided for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. You should not use the information on this web site for diagnosing or treating a medical or health condition. You should carefully read all product packaging. If you have or suspect you have a medical problem, promptly contact your professional healthcare provider</p>
<p><strong>Copyright © 2011, Clinic For Children   Information Education Network. All rights reserved</strong></p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/265/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/265/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/265/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/265/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/265/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/265/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/265/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/265/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/265/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/265/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/265/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/265/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/265/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/265/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6332245&amp;post=265&amp;subd=childrenautismclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/24/gangguan-strukstur-dan-fungsi-otak-penderita-autism/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/f6debdeb22f6b0399ef2901158cc415a?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">cfc</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://childrenclinic.files.wordpress.com/2008/12/diaz-papa-periksa.jpg?w=242&#038;h=138&#038;h=138" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">DIAZ PAPA PERIKSA</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://mypickyeaters.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/img_6331.jpg?w=148&#038;h=175&#038;h=222" medium="image" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Autism, Sebuah Gangguan Perilaku Pada Anak</title>
		<link>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/23/autism-sebuah-gangguan-perilaku-pada-anak/</link>
		<comments>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/23/autism-sebuah-gangguan-perilaku-pada-anak/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 23 Oct 2011 23:25:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>The Children Indonesia</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[diagnosis-deteksi dini]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[gangguan menyertai]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[gangguan oral motor]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gangguan Perilaku lainnya]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[penanganan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tanda-gejala]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/?p=246</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Autism adalah suatu kondisi mengenai seseorang sejak lahir ataupun saat masa balita, yang membuat dirinya tidak dapat membentuk hubungan sosial atau komunikasi yang normal. Akibatnya anak tersebut terisolasi dari manusia lain dan masuk dalam dunia repetitive, aktivitas dan minat yang &#8230; <a href="http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/23/autism-sebuah-gangguan-perilaku-pada-anak/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6332245&amp;post=246&amp;subd=childrenautismclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Autism adalah suatu kondisi mengenai seseorang sejak lahir ataupun saat masa balita, yang membuat dirinya tidak dapat membentuk hubungan sosial atau komunikasi yang normal. Akibatnya anak tersebut terisolasi dari manusia lain dan masuk dalam dunia repetitive, aktivitas dan minat yang obsesif. (Baron-Cohen, 1993). Menurut Power (1989) karakteristik anak dengan autisme adalah adanya 6 gangguan dalam bidang: interaksi sosial, komunikasi (bahasa dan bicara), perilaku-emosi, pola bermain, gangguan sensorik dan motorik serta perkembangan terlambat atau tidak normal. Gejala ini mulai tampak sejak lahir atau saat masih kecil; biasanya sebelum anak berusia 3 tahun.</strong></p>
<p>Autism dalam Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder R-IV merupakan salah satu dari lima jenis gangguan dibawah payung PDD (<em>Pervasive Development Disorder</em>) di luar ADHD (<em>Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder</em>) dan ADD (<em>Attention Deficit Disorder</em>). Gangguan perkembangan perpasiv (PDD) adalah istilah yang dipakai untuk menggambarkan beberapa kelompok gangguan perkembangan di bawah (<em>umbrella term</em>) PDD, yaitu:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Autistic Disorder (Autism)</strong> Muncul sebelum usia 3 tahun dan ditunjukkan adanya hambatan dalam interaksi sosial, komunikasi dan kemampuan bermain secara imaginatif serta adanya perilaku stereotip pada minat dan aktivitas.</li>
<li><strong>Asperger’s Syndrome</strong> Hambatan perkembangan interaksi sosial dan adanya minat dan aktivitas yang terbatas, secara umum tidak menunjukkan keterlambatan bahasa dan bicara, serta memiliki tingkat intelegensia rata-rata hingga di atas rata-rata.</li>
<li><strong>Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)</strong> Merujuk pada istilah atypical autism, diagnosa PDD-NOS berlaku bila seorang anak tidak menunjukkan keseluruhan kriteria pada diagnosa tertentu (Autisme, Asperger atau Rett Syndrome).</li>
<li><strong>Rett’s Syndrome</strong> Lebih sering terjadi pada anak perempuan dan jarang terjadi pada anak laki-laki. Sempat mengalami perkembangan yang normal kemudian terjadi kemunduran/kehilangan kemampuan yang dimilikinya; kehilangan kemampuan fungsional tangan yang digantikan dengan gerakkan-gerakkan tangan yang berulang-ulang pada rentang usia 1 – 4 tahun.</li>
<li><strong>Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD)</strong> Menunjukkan perkembangan yang normal selama 2 tahun pertama usia perkembangan kemudian tiba-tiba kehilangan kemampuan-kemampuan yang telah dicapai sebelumnya.</li>
</ol>
<p>Diagnosa Pervasive Develompmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD – NOS) umumnya digunakan atau dipakai di Amerika Serikat untuk menjelaskan adanya beberapa karakteristik autisme pada seseorang (Howlin, 1998: 79). National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities (NICHCY) di Amerika Serikat menyatakan bahwa Autisme dan PDD – NOS adalah gangguan perkembangan yang cenderung memiliki karakteristik serupa dan gejalanya muncul sebelum usia 3 tahun. Keduanya merupakan gangguan yang bersifat neurologis yang memengaruhi kemampuan berkomunikasi, pemahaman bahasa, bermain dan kemampuan berhubungan dengan orang lain. Ketidakmampuan beradaptasi pada perubahan dan adanya respon-respon yang tidak wajar terhadap pengalaman sensoris seringkali juga dihubungkan pada gejala autisme.</p>
<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>
<p>Secara historis, diagnosa autisme memiliki persoalan; suatu ketika para ahli dan peneliti dalam bidang autisme bersandarkan pada ada atau tidaknya gejala, saat ini para ahli dan peneliti tampaknya berpindah menuju berbagai karakteristik yang disebut sebagai continuum autism. Aarons dan Gittents (1992) merekomendasikan adanya descriptive approach to diagnosis. Ini adalah suatu pendekatan deskriptif dalam mendiagnosa sehingga menyertakan pengamatan-pengamatan yang menyeluruh di setting-setting sosial anak sendiri. Settingya mungkin di sekolah, di taman-taman bermain atau mungkin di rumah sebagai lingkungan sehari-hari anak dimana hambatan maupun kesulitan mereka tampak jelas di antara teman-teman sebaya mereka yang ‘normal’.</p>
<p>Persoalan lain yang memengaruhi keakuratan suatu diagnosa seringkali juga muncul dari adanya fakta bahwa perilaku-perilaku yang bermasalah merupakan atribut dari pola asuh yang kurang tepat. Perilaku-perilaku tersebut mungkin saja merupakan hasil dari dinamika keluarga yang negatif dan bukan sebagai gejala dari adanya gangguan. Adanya interpretasi yang salah dalam memaknai penyebab mengapa anak menunjukkan persoalan-persoalan perilaku mampu menimbulkan perasaan-perasaan negatif para orang tua. Pertanyaan selanjutnya kemudian adalah apa yang dapat dilakukan agar diagnosa semakin akurat dan konsisten sehingga autisme sungguh-sungguh terpisah dengan kondisi-kondisi yang semakin memperburuk? Perlu adanya sebuah model diagnosa yang menyertakan keseluruhan hidup anak dan mengevaluasi hambatan-hambatan dan kesulitan anak sebagaimana juga terhadap kemampuan-kemampuan dan keterampilan-keterampilan anak sendiri. Mungkin tepat bila kemudian disarankan agar para profesional di bidang autisme juga mempertimbangkan keseluruhan area, misalnya: perkembangan awal anak, penampilan anak, mobilitas anak, kontrol dan perhatian anak, fungsi-fungsi sensorisnya, kemampuan bermain, perkembangan konsep-konsep dasar, kemampuan yang bersifat sikuen, kemampuan musikal, dan lain sebagainya yang menjadi keseluruhan diri anak sendiri.</p>
<p>Bagi para orang tua dan keluarga sendiri perlu juga dicatat bahwa gejala autisme bersifat individual; akan berbeda satu dengan lainnya meskipun sama-sama dianggap sebagai low functioning atau dianggap sebagai high functioning. Membutuhkan kesabaran untuk menghadapinya dan konsistensi untuk dalam penanganannya sehingga perlu disadari bahwa bahwa fenomena ini adalah suatu perjalanan yang panjang. Jangan berhenti pada ketidakmampuan anak tetapi juga perlu menggali bakat-bakat serta potensi-potensi yang ada pada diri anak. Sebagai inspirasi kiranya dapat disebutkan beberapa penyandang autisme yang mampu mengembangkan bakat dan potensi yang ada pada diri mereka, misalnya: Temple Grandine yang mampu mengembangkan kemampuan visual dan pola berpikir yang sistematis sehingga menjadi seorang Doktor dalam bidang peternakan, Donna William yang mampu mengembangkan kemampuan berbahasa dan bakat seninya sehingga dapat menjadi seorang penulis dan seniman, Bradley Olson seorang mahasiswa yang mampu mengembangkan kemampuan kognitif dan kebugaran fisiknya sehingga menjadi seorang pemuda yang aktif dan tangkas dan mungkin masih banyak nama-nama lain yang dapat menjadi sumber inspirasi kita bersama. Pada akhirnya, sebuah label dari suatu diagnosa dapat dikatakan berguna bila mampu memberikan petunjuk bagi para orang tua dan pendidik mengenai kondisi alamiah yang benar dari seorang anak. Label yang menimbukan kebingungan dan ketidakpuasan para orang tua dan pendidik jelas tidak akan membawa manfaat apapun.</p>
<h3><strong>Gejala klinis</strong></h3>
<p>Anak dengan autisme dapat tampak normal di tahun pertama maupun tahun kedua dalam kehidupannya. Para orang tua seringkali menyadari adanya keterlambatan kemampuan berbahasa dan cara-cara tertentu yang berbeda ketika bermain serta berinteraksi dengan orang lain. Anak-anak tersebut mungkin dapat menjadi sangat sensitif atau bahkan tidak responsif terhadap rangsangan-rangasangan dari kelima panca inderanya (pendengaran, sentuhan, penciuman, rasa dan penglihatan). Perilaku-perilaku repetitif (mengepak-kepakan tangan atau jari, menggoyang-goyangkan badan dan mengulang-ulang kata) juga dapat ditemukan. Perilaku dapat menjadi agresif (baik kepada diri sendiri maupun orang lain) atau malah sangat pasif. Besar kemungkinan, perilaku-perilaku terdahulu yang dianggap normal mungkin menjadi gejala-gejala tambahan. Selain bermain yang berulang-ulang, minat yang terbatas dan hambatan bersosialisasi, beberapa hal lain yang juga selalu melekat pada para penyandang autisme adalah respon-respon yang tidak wajar terhadap informasi sensoris yang mereka terima, misalnya; suara-suara bising, cahaya, permukaan atau tekstur dari suatu bahan tertentu dan pilihan rasa tertentu pada makanan yang menjadi kesukaan mereka.</p>
<p>Beberapa atau keseluruhan karakteristik yang disebutkan berikut ini dapat diamati pada para penyandang autisme beserta spektrumnya baik dengan kondisi yang teringan hingga terberat sekalipun.</p>
<ol>
<li>Hambatan dalam komunikasi, misal: berbicara dan memahami bahasa.</li>
<li>Kesulitan dalam berhubungan dengan orang lain atau obyek di sekitarnya serta menghubungkan peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi.</li>
<li>Bermain dengan mainan atau benda-benda lain secara tidak wajar.</li>
<li>Sulit menerima perubahan pada rutinitas dan lingkungan yang dikenali.</li>
<li>Gerakkan tubuh yang berulang-ulang atau adanya pola-pola perilaku yang tertentu</li>
</ol>
<p>Para penyandang Autisme beserta spektrumnya sangat beragam baik dalam kemampuan yang dimiliki, tingkat intelegensi, dan bahkan perilakunya. Beberapa di antaranya ada yang tidak &#8216;berbicara&#8217; sedangkan beberapa lainnya mungkin terbatas bahasanya sehingga sering ditemukan mengulang-ulang kata atau kalimat (echolalia). Mereka yang memiliki kemampuan bahasa yang tinggi umumnya menggunakan tema-tema yang terbatas dan sulit memahami konsep-konsep yang abstrak. Dengan demikian, selalu terdapat individualitas yang unik dari individu-individu penyandangnya.</p>
<p>Autism adalah gangguan perkembangan pervasif pada anak yang ditandai dengan adanya gangguan dan keterlambatan dalam bidang kognitif, bahasa, perilaku, komunikasi dan interaksi sosial<strong>. </strong>Gangguan keanehan perilaku pada anak yang harus diamati adalah menyangkut berbagai perkembangan.<strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Gangguan dalam komunikasi verbal maupun nonverbal</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Kemampuan berbahasa mengalami keterlambatan atau sama sekali tidak dapat berbicara. Menggunakan kata kata tanpa menghubungkannya dengan arti yang lazim digunakan.</li>
<li>Berkomunikasi dengan menggunakan bahasa tubuh dan hanya dapat berkomunikasi dalam waktu singkat.</li>
<li>Kata-kata yang tidak dapat dimengerti orang lain (”bahasa planet”)</li>
<li>Tidak mengerti atau tidak menggunakan kata-kata dalam konteks yang sesuai.</li>
<li>Ekolalia (meniru atau membeo), menirukan kata, kalimat atau lagu tanpa tahu artinya.</li>
<li>Bicaranya monoton seperti robot</li>
<li>Bicara tidak digunakan untuk komunikasi</li>
<li>Mimik datar</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Gangguan dalam bidang interaksi sosial</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Menolak atau menghindar untuk bertatap muka</li>
<li>Tidak menoleh bila dipanggil, sehingga sering diduga tuli</li>
<li>Merasa tidak senang atau menolak dipeluk</li>
<li>Bila menginginkan sesuatu, menarik tangan tangan orang yang terdekat dan berharap orang tersebut melakukan sesuatu untuknya</li>
<li>Tidak berbagi kesenangan dengan orang lain</li>
<li>Saat bermain bila didekati malah menjauh</li>
<li>Bila menginginkan sesuatu ia menarik tangan orang lain dan mengharapkan tangan tersebut melakukan sesuatu untuknya.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Gangguan dalam bermain </strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Bermain sangat monoton dan aneh misalnya menderetkan sabun menjadi satu deretan yang panjang, memutar bola pada mainan mobil dan mengamati dengan seksama dalam jangka waktu lama.</li>
<li>Ada kelekatan dengan benda tertentu seperti kertas, gambar, kartu atau guling, terus dipegang dibawa kemana saja dia pergi.</li>
<li>Bila senang satu mainan tidak mau mainan lainnya.</li>
<li>Tidak menyukai boneka, tetapi lebih menyukai benda yang kurang menarik seperti botol, gelang karet, baterai atau benda lainnya</li>
<li>Tidak spontan / reflek dan tidak dapat berimajinasi dalam bermain. Tidak dapat meniru tindakan temannya dan tidak dapat memulai permainan yang bersifat pura pura.</li>
<li>Sering memperhatikan jari-jarinya sendiri, kipas angin yang berputar atau angin yang bergerak.</li>
<li>Perilaku yang ritualistik sering terjadi sulit mengubah rutinitas sehari hari, misalnya bila bermain harus melakukan urut-urutan tertentu, bila bepergian harus melalui rute yang sama.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Gangguan perilaku </strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Sering dianggap sebagai anak yang senang kerapian harus menempatkan barang tertentu pada tempatnya</li>
<li>Anak dapat terlihat hiperaktif misalnya bila masuk dalam rumah yang baru pertama kali ia datang, ia akan membuka semua pintu, berjalan kesana kemari, berlari-lari tak tentu arah.</li>
<li>Mengulang suatu gerakan tertentu (menggerakkan tangannya seperti burung terbang). Ia juga sering menyakiti diri sendiri seperti memukul kepala atau membenturkan kepala di dinding</li>
<li>Dapat menjadi sangat hiperaktif atau sangat pasif (pendiam), duduk diam bengong dengan tatap mata kosong. Marah tanpa alasan yang masuk akal. Amat sangat menaruh perhatian pada satu benda, ide, aktifitas ataupun orang. Tidak dapat menunjukkan akal sehatnya. Dapat sangat agresif ke orang lain atau dirinya sendiri.</li>
<li>Gangguan kognitif tidur, gangguan makan dan gangguan perilaku lainnya.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Gangguan perasaan dan emosi</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Tertawa-tawa sendiri, menangis atau marah tanpa sebab nyata</li>
<li>Sering mengamuk tak terkendali (temper tantrum), terutama bila tidak mendapatkan sesuatu yang diinginkan</li>
<li>Sering mengamuk tak terkendali (temper tantrum)bila keinginannya tidak didapatkannya, bahkan bisa menjadi agresif dan merusak.</li>
<li>Tidak dapat berbagi perasaan (empati) dengan anak lain</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Gangguan dalam persepsi sensoris</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Sensitif terhadap cahaya, pendengaran, sentuhan, penciuman dan rasa (lidah) dari mulai ringan sampai berat.</li>
<li>Menggigit, menjilat atau mencium mainan atau benda apa saja</li>
<li>Bila mendengar suara keras, menutup telinga</li>
<li>Menangis setiap kali dicuci rambutnya</li>
<li>Meraskan tidak nyaman bila diberi pakaian tertentu</li>
<li>Tidak menyukai rabaan atau pelukan, Bila digendong sering merosot atau melepaskan diri dari pelukan.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Terlepas dari berbagai karakteristik di atas, terdapat arahan dan pedoman bagi para orang tua dan para praktisi untuk lebih waspasa dan peduli terhadap gejala-gejala yang terlihat. <em>The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development</em> (NICHD) di Amerika Serikat menyebutkan 5 jenis perilaku yang harus diwaspadai dan perlunya evaluasi lebih lanjut :</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Anak tidak bergumam hingga usia 12 bulan</li>
<li>Anak tidak memperlihatkan kemampuan gestural (menunjuk, dada, menggenggam) hingga usia 12 bulan</li>
<li>Anak tidak mengucapkan sepatah kata pun hingga usia 16 bulan</li>
<li>Anak tidak mampu menggunakan dua kalimat secara spontan di usia 24 bulan</li>
<li>Anak kehilangan kemampuan berbahasa dan interaksi sosial pada usia tertentu</li>
</ol>
<p>Adanya kelima ‘lampu merah’ di atas tidak berarti bahwa anak tersebut menyandang autisme tetapi karena karakteristik gangguan autisme yang sangat beragam maka seorang anak harus mendapatkan evaluasi secara multidisipliner yang dapat meliputi; Neurolog, Psikolog, Pediatric, Terapi Wicara, Paedagog dan profesi lainnya yang memahami persoalan autisme.</p>
<p>Gejala Klinis klinis menurut DSM IV</p>
<p>A. Interaksi Sosial (minimal 2):</p>
<dl>
<dd>
<ol>
<li>Tidak mampu menjalin interaksi sosial non verbal: kontak mata, ekspresi muka, posisi tubuh, gerak-gerik kurang tertuju</li>
<li>Kesulitan bermain dengan teman sebaya</li>
<li>Tidak ada empati, perilaku berbagi kesenangan/minat</li>
<li>Kurang mampu mengadakan hubungan sosial dan emosional 2 arah</li>
</ol>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>B. Komunikasi Sosial (minimal 1):</p>
<dl>
<dd>
<ol>
<li>Tidak/terlambat bicara, tidak berusaha berkomunikasi non verbal</li>
<li>Bisa bicara tapi tidak untuk komunikasi/inisiasi, egosentris</li>
<li>Bahasa aneh &amp; diulang-ulang/stereotip</li>
<li>Cara bermain kurang variatif/imajinatif, kurang imitasi social</li>
</ol>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>C. Imaginasi, berpikir fleksibel dan bermain imaginatif (minimal 1):</p>
<dl>
<dd>
<ol>
<li>Mempertahankan 1 minat atau lebih dengan cara yang sangat khas dan berlebihan, baik intensitas dan fokusnya</li>
<li>Terpaku pada suatu kegiatan ritualistik/rutinitas yang tidak berguna</li>
<li>Ada gerakan-gerakan aneh yang khas dan berulang-ulang. Seringkali sangat terpukau pada bagian-bagian tertentu dari suatu benda</li>
</ol>
</dd>
</dl>
<div>
<div><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Autistic-sweetiepie-boy-with-ducksinarow.jpg/220px-Autistic-sweetiepie-boy-with-ducksinarow.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="165" /></p>
<div>
<div>Seorang anak penderita autisme, dengan jajaran mainan yang ia buat</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Gejala autisme dapat sangat ringan (<em>mild</em>), sedang (<em>moderate</em>) hingga parah (<em>severe</em>), sehingga masyarakat mungkin tidak menyadari seluruh keberadaannya. Parah atau ringannya gangguan autisme sering kemudian di-paralel-kan dengan keberfungsian. Dikatakan oleh para ahli bahwa anak-anak dengan autisme dengan tingkat intelegensi dan kognitif yang rendah, tidak berbicara (nonverbal), memiliki perilaku menyakiti diri sendiri, serta menunjukkan sangat terbatasnya minat dan rutinitas yang dilakukan maka mereka diklasifikasikan sebagai low functioning autism. Sementara mereka yang menunjukkan fungsi kognitif dan intelegensi yang tinggi, mampu menggunakan bahasa dan bicaranya secara efektif serta menunjukkan kemampuan mengikuti rutinitas yang umum diklasifikasikan sebagai high functioning autism. Dua dikotomi dari karakteristik gangguan sesungguhnya akan sangat berpengaruh pada implikasi pendidikan maupun model-model <em>treatment</em> yang diberikan pada para penyandang autisme. Kiranya melalui media ini penulis menghimbau kepada para ahli dan paktisi di bidang autisme untuk semakin mengembangkan strategi-strategi dan teknik-teknik pengajaran yang tepat bagi mereka. Apalagi mengingat fakta dari hasil-hasil penelitian terdahulu menyebutkan bahwa 80% anak dengan autisme memiliki intelegensi yang rendah dan tidak berbicara atau nonverbal. Namun sekali lagi, apapun diagnosa maupun label yang diberikan prioritasnya adalah segera diberikannya intervensi yang tepat dan sungguh-sungguh sesuai dengan kebutuhan mereka.</p>
<p>Referensi baku yang digunakan secara universal dalam mengenali jenis-jenis gangguan perkembangan pada anak adalah ICD (<em>International Classification of Diseases</em>) Revisi ke-10 tahun 1993 dan DSM (<em>Diagnostic And Statistical Manual</em>) Revisi IV tahun 1994 yang keduanya sama isinya. Secara khusus dalam kategori Gangguan Perkembangan Perpasiv (<em>Pervasive Developmental Disorder</em>/PDD): Autisme ditunjukkan bila ditemukan 6 atau lebih dari 12 gejala yang mengacu pada 3 bidang utama gangguan, yaitu: Interaksi Sosial – Komunikasi – Perilaku.</p>
<p>Autism sebagai spektrum gangguan maka gejala-gejalanya dapat menjadi bukti dari berbagai kombinasi gangguan perkembangan. Bila tes-tes secara <em>behavioral</em> maupun komunikasi tidak dapat mendeteksi adanya autisme, maka beberapa instrumen <em>screening</em> yang saat ini telah berkembang dapat digunakan untuk mendiagnosa autisme:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS):</strong> skala peringkat autisme masa kanak-kanak yang dibuat oleh Eric Schopler di awal tahun 1970 yang didasarkan pada pengamatan perilaku. Alat menggunakan skala hingga 15; anak dievaluasi berdasarkan hubungannya dengan orang, penggunaan gerakan tubuh, adaptasi terhadap perubahan, kemampuan mendengar dan komunikasi verbal</li>
<li><strong>The Checklis for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT):</strong> berupa daftar pemeriksaan autisme pada masa balita yang digunakan untuk mendeteksi anak berumur 18 bulan, dikembangkan oleh Simon Baron Cohen di awal tahun 1990-an.</li>
<li><strong>The Autism Screening Questionare:</strong> adalah daftar pertanyaan yang terdiri dari 40 skala item yang digunakan pada anak dia atas usia 4 tahun untuk mengevaluasi kemampuan komunikasi dan sosial mereka</li>
<li><strong>The Screening Test for Autism in Two-Years Old:</strong> tes screening autisme bagi anak usia 2 tahun yang dikembangkan oleh Wendy Stone di Vanderbilt didasarkan pada 3 bidang kemampuan anak, yaitu; bermain, imitasi motor dan konsentrasi.</li>
</ul>
<p>Diagnosa yang akurat dari Autism maupun gangguan perkembangan lain yang berhubungan membutuhkan pengamatan yang menyeluruh terhadap: perilaku anak, kemampuan komunikasi dan kemampuan perkembangan lainnya. Akan sangat sulit mendiagnosa karena adanya berbagai macam gangguan yang terlihat. Observasi dan wawancara dengan orang tua juga sangat penting dalam mendiagnosa. Evaluasi tim yang terdiri dari berbagai disiplin ilmu memungkinkan adanya standardisasi dalam mendiagnosa. Tim dapat terdiri dari neurolog, psikolog, pediatrik, paedagog, patologis ucapan/kebahasaan, okupasi terapi, pekerja sosial dan lain sebaginya.</p>
<h2><strong>Penanganan autism</strong></h2>
<p>Intensitas dari treatment perilaku pada anak dengan autisme merupakan hal penting, namun persoalan-persoalan mendasar yang ditemui di Indonesia menjadi sangat krusial untuk diatasi lebih dahulu. Tanpa mengabaikan faktor-faktor lain, beberapa fakta yang dianggap relevan dengan persoalan penanganan masalah autisme di Indonesia di antaranya adalah:</p>
<ul>
<li>Kurangnya tenaga terapis yang terlatih di Indonesia. Orang tua selalu menjadi pelopor dalam proses intervensi sehingga pada awalnya pusat-pusat intervensi bagi anak dengan autisme dibangun berdasarkan kepentingan keluarga untuk menjamin kelangsungan pendidikan anak mereka sendiri.</li>
<li>Belum adanya petunjuk treatment yang formal di Indonesia. Tidak cukup dengan hanya mengimplementasikan petunjuk teatment dari luar yang penerapannya tidak selalu sesuai dengan kultur kehidupan anak-anak Indonesia.</li>
<li>Masih banyak kasus-kasus autisme yang tidak di deteksi secara dini sehingga ketika anak menjadi semakin besar maka semakin kompleks pula persoalan intervensi yang dihadapi orang tua. Para ahli yang mampu mendiagnosa autisme, informasi mengenai gangguan dan karakteristik autisme serta lembaga-lembaga formal yang memberikan layanan pendidikan bagi anak dengan autisme belum tersebar secara merata di seluruh wilayah di Indonesia.</li>
<li>Belum terpadunya penyelenggaraan pendidikan bagi anak dengan autisme di sekolah. Dalam Pasal 4 UU No. 20/2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional telah diamanatkan pendidikan yang demokratis dan tidak diskriminatif dengan menjunjung tinggi hak asasi manusia, dukungan ini membuka peluang yang besar bagi para penyandang autisme untuk masuk dalam sekolah-sekolah umum (inklusi) karena hampir 500 sekolah negeri telah diarahkan oleh pemerintah untuk menyelenggarakan inklusi.</li>
<li>Permasalahan akhir yang tidak kalah pentingnya adalah minimnya pengetahuan baik secara klinis maupun praktis yang didukung dengan validitas data secara empirik (Empirically Validated Treatments/EVT) dari penanganan-penanganan masalah autisme di Indonesia. Studi dan penelitian autisme selain membutuhkan dana yang besar juga harus didukung oleh validitas data empirik, namun secara etis tentunya tidak ada orang tua yang menginginkan anak mereka menjadi percobaan dari suatu metodologi tertentu. Kepastian dan jaminan bagi proses pendidikan anak merupakan pertimbangan utama bagi orang tua dalam memilih salah satu jenis treatment bagi anak mereka sehingga bila keraguan ini dapat dijawab melalui otoritas-otoritas ilmiah maka semakin terbuka informasi bagi masyarakat luas mengenai pengetahuan-pengetahuan baik yang bersifat klinis maupun praktis dalam proses penanganan masalah autisme di Indonesia.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Terapi Bagi Individu dengan Autism</strong></p>
<p>Bila ada pertanyaan mengenai terapi apa yang efektif? Maka jawaban atas pertanyaan ini sangat kompleks, bahkan para orang tua dari anak-anak dengan autisme pun merasa bingung ketika dihadapkan dengan banyaknya treatment dan proses pendidikan yang ditawarkan bagi anak mereka. Beberapa jenis terapi bersifat tradisional dan telah teruji dari waktu ke waktu sementara terapi lainnya mungkin baru saja muncul. Tidak seperti gangguan perkembangan lainnya, tidak banyak petunjuk treatment yang telah dipublikasikan apalagi prosedur yang standar dalam menangani autisme. Bagaimanapun juga para ahli sependapat bahwa terapi harus dimulai sejak awal dan harus diarahkan pada hambatan maupun keterlambatan yang secara umum dimiliki oleh setiap anak autis, misalnya; komunikasi dan persoalan-persolan perilaku. Treatment yang komprehensif umumnya meliputi; Terapi Wicara (Speech Therapy), Okupasi Terapi (Occupational Therapy) dan Applied Behavior Analisis (ABA) untuk mengubah serta memodifikasi perilaku.</p>
<p>Berikut ini adalah suatu uraian sederhana dari berbagai literatur yang ada dan ringkasan penjelasan yang tidak menyeluruh dari beberapa treatment yang diakui saat ini. Menjadi keharusan bagi orang tua untuk mencari tahu dan mengenali treatment yang dipilihnya langsung kepada orang-orang yang profesional dibidangnya. Sebagian dari teknik ini adalah program menyeluruh, sedang yang lain dirancang menuju target tertentu yang menjadi hambatan atau kesulitan para penyandangnya.</p>
<ul>
<li>Educational Treatment, meliputi tetapi tidak terbatas pada: Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) yang prinsip-prinsipnya digunakan dalam penelitian Lovaas sehingga sering disamakan dengan Discrete Trial Training atau Intervensi Perilaku Intensif.</li>
<li>Pendekatan developmental yang dikaitkan dengan pendidikan yang dikenal sebagai Floortime.</li>
<li>TEACCH (Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication – Handicapped Children).</li>
<li>Biological Treatment, meliputi tetapi tidak terbatas pada: diet, pemberian vitamin dan pemberian obat-obatan untuk mengurangi perilaku-perilaku tertentu (agresivitas, hiperaktif, melukai diri sendiri, dsb.).</li>
<li>Speech – Language Therapy (Terapi Wicara), meliputi tetapi tidak terbatas pada usaha penanganan gangguan asosiasi dan gangguan proses auditory/pendengaran.</li>
<li>Komunikasi, peningkatan kemampuan komunikasi, seperti PECS (Picture Exchange Communication System), bahasa isyarat, strategi visual menggunakan gambar dalam berkomunikasi dan pendukung-pendukung komunikasi lainnya.</li>
<li>Pelayanan Autisme Intensif, meliputi kerja team dari berbagai disiplin ilmu yang memberikan intervensi baik di rumah, sekolah maupun lngkungan sosial lainnya.</li>
<li>Terapi yang bersifat Sensoris, meliputi tetapi tidak terbatas pada Occupational Therapy (OT), Sensory Integration Therapy (SI) dan Auditory Integration Training (AIT).</li>
</ul>
<p>Dengan adanya berbagai jenis terapi yang dapat dipilih oleh orang tua, maka sangat penting bagi mereka untuk memilih salah satu jenis terapi yang dapat meningkatkan fungsionalitas anak dan mengurangi gangguan serta hambatan autisme. Sangat disayangkan masih minim data ilmiah yang mampu mendukung berbagai jenis terapi yang dapat dipilih orang tua di Indonesia saat ini. Fakta menyebutkan bahwa sangat sulit membuat suatu penelitian mengenai autisme. Sangat banyak variabel-variabel yang dimiliki anak, dari tingkat keparahan gangguannya hingga lingkungan sekitarnya dan belum lagi etika yang ada didalamnya untuk membuat suatu penelitian itu sungguh-sungguh terkontrol. Sangat tidak mungkin mengontrol semua variabel yang ada sehingga data yang dihasilkan dari penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya mungkin secara statistik tidak akurat.</p>
<p>Tidak ada satupun jenis terapi yang berhasil bagi semua anak. Terapi harus disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan anak, berdasarkan pada potensinya, kekurangannya dan tentu saja sesuai dengan minat anak sendiri. Terapi harus dilakukan secara multidisiplin ilmu, misalnya menggunakan; okupasi terapi, terapi wicara dan terapi perilaku sebagai basisnya. Tenaga ahli yang menangani anak harus mampu mengarahkan pilihan-pilihan anda terhadap berbagai jenis terapi yang ada saat ini. Tidak ada jaminan apakah terapi yang dipilih oleh orang tua maupun keluarga sungguh-sungguh akan berjalan efektif. Namun demikian, tentukan salah satu jenis terapi dan laksanakan secara konsisten, bila tidak terlihat perubahan atau kemajuan yang nyata selama 3 bulan dapat melakukan perubahan terapi. Bimbingan dan arahan yang diberikan harus dilaksanakan oleh orang tua secara konsisten. Bila terlihat kemajuan yang signifikan selama 3 bulan maka bentuk intervensi lainnya dapat ditambahkan. Tetap bersikap obyektif dan tanyakan kepada para ahli bila terjadi perubahan-perubahan perilaku lainnya.</p>
<p>Diperkirakan terdapat 400.000 individu dengan autisme di Amerika Serikat. Sejak tahun 80 – an, bayi-bayi yang lahir di California – AS, diambil darahnya dan disimpan di pusat penelitian Autisme. Penelitian dilakukan oleh Terry Phillips, seorang pakar kedokteran saraf dari Universitas George Washington. Dari 250 contoh darah yang diambil, ternyata hasilnya mencengangkan; seperempat dari anak-anak tersebut menunjukkan gejala autis. National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities (NICHCY) memperkirakan bahwa autisme dan PDD pada tahun 2000 mendekati 50 – 100 per 10.000 kelahiran. Penelitian Frombonne (Study Frombonne: 2003) menghasilkan prevalensi dari autisme beserta spektrumnya (Autism Spectrum Disorder/ASD) adalah: 60/10.000 – best current estimate dan terdapat 425.000 penyandang ASD yang berusia dibawah 18 tahun di Amerika Serikat. Di Inggris, data terbaru adalah: 62.6/10.000 ASD. Autism secara umum telah diketahui terjadi empat kali lebih sering pada anak laki-laki dibandingkan yang terjadi pada anak perempuan. Hingga saat ini penyebabnya belum diketahui secara pasti. Saat ini para ahli terus mengembangkan penelitian mereka untuk mengetahui sebabnya sehingga mereka pun dapat menemukan ‘obat’ yang tepat untuk mengatasi fenomena ini. Bidang-bidang yang menjadi fokus utama dalam penelitian para ahli, meliputi; kerusakan secara neurologis dan ketidakseimbangan dalam otak yang bersifat biokimia.</p>
<p>Sejak 1980 di Kanada dan Jepang pertambahan jumlah anak yang terkena gangguan autis  mencapai 40 persen. Di California  pada tahun 2002 disimpulkan terdapat 9 kasus autis per-harinya. Di Amerika Serikat disebutkan autis terjadi pada 60.000 &#8211; 15.000 anak dibawah 15 tahun. Kepustakaan lain menyebutkan prevalens autis 10-20 kasus dalam 10.000 orang, bahkan ada yang mengatakan 1 diantara 1000 anak. Di Inggris pada awal tahun 2002 bahkan dilaporkan angka kejadian autis meningkat sangat pesat, dicurigai 1 diantara 10 anak menderita autism.</p>
<p align="justify">Bahkan Dr. Widodo pada tahun 2006, menyatakan bahwa diperkirakan jumlah anak autis di Indonesia dapat mencapai 150 &#8211;200 ribu orang. Perbandingan antara laki-laki dan perempuan adalah 2,6 &#8211; 4 : 1, namun anak perempuan yang terkena akan menunjukkan gejala yang lebih berat. Jika benar demikian sungguh sudah mulai saatnya pemerintah indonesai memberikan perhatian serius terhadap fenomena  tersebut demi menjaga kualitas  generasi bangsa.</p>
<p>Beberapa faktor penyebab autism, yaitu:</p>
<ul>
<li>Genetic susceptibility – different genes may be responsible in different families</li>
<li>Chromosome 7 – speech / language chromosome</li>
<li>Variety of problems in pregnancy at birth or even after birth</li>
</ul>
<p>Meskipun para ahli dan praktisi di bidang autisme tidak selamanya dapat menyetujui atau bahkan sependapat dengan penyebab-penyebab di atas. Hal terpenting yang perlu dicatat melalui hasil penelitian-penelitian terdahulu adalah bahwa gangguan autisme tidak disebabkan oleh faktor-faktor yang bersifat psikologis, misalnya karena orang tua tidak menginginkan anak ketika hamil.</p>
<p>Setiap tahun, angka kejadian autisme meningkat pesat. Data terbaru dari <em>Centre for Disease Control and Prevention </em>Amerika Serikat menyebutkan,  kini 1 dari 110 anak di sana menderita autis. Angka ini naik 57 persen dari data tahun 2002 yang memperkirakan angkanya 1 dibanding 150 anak.</p>
<p>Menurut data resmi yang dikeluarkan pemerintah AS tersebut, disebutkan satu persen anak di sana kini menunjukkan beberapa gejala autisme, seperti gangguan berkomunikasi, bahasa, dan kemampuan kognitif, mulai dari yang ringan sampai berat.</p>
<p>Data ini juga menguatkan temuan berbagai studi yang menyebutkan gejala autis lebih sering terlihat pada anak laki-laki dibanding perempuan. Menurut data CDC ini, pada anak laki-laki prevelansinya naik 60 persen dibanding dengan data tahun 2002. Sementara pada anak perempuan hanya 48 persen.</p>
<p>Berbagai studi menyatakan naiknya jumlah anak autis bisa dijelaskan lewat luasnya karateristik yang dipakai untuk menentukan diagnosa anak austis serta peningkatan akses informasi pada kondisi autis. Meski begitu, masih ada tanda tanya besar mengenai penyebab meningkatnya tren gangguan kondisi ini.</p>
<p>Karena kebanyakan gejala autis didiagnosa sebelum anak berusia dua tahun, kebanyakan pakar percaya bahwa faktor pencetusnya terjadi pada masa kehamilan atau pada bulan-bulan awal kehidupan bayi. Usia ibu yang terlalu tua saat hamil, selain juga paparan lingkungan yang dialami bayi, misalnya pola makan atau terjadinya infeksi pada bayi, diduga berpengaruh besar pada timbulnya autis.</p>
<p>Karena belum jelasnya penyebab penyakit ini, orangtua belum bisa menentukan tindakan preventif apa yang bisa dilakukan. Namun para ahli berpendapat terapi perkembangan terpadu sebaiknya langsung dilakukan begitu anak didiagnosa autis. Dengan terapi terpadu, diharapkan kemampuan anak dalam bersosialisasi dan berkomunikasi akan meningkat.</p>
<p>Di Indonesia, tren peningkatan jumlah anak autis juga terlihat, meski tidak diketahui pasti berapa jumlahnya karena  belum pernah melalukan survei atau penelitian epidemiologi tentang gangguan ini.  Belum ditemukan data yang akurat mengenai keadaan yang sesungguhnya di Indonesia. namun diduga terdapat peningkatan yang luar biasa. Bila sepuluh tahun yang lalu jumlah penyandang autism diperkirakan satu per 5.000 anak, sekarang meningkat menjadi satu per 500 anak. Diperkirakan di Indonesia  terdapat kurang lebih 11.800 anak penyandang autisme di Indonesia. Jumlah tersebut menurutnya setiap tahun terus meningkat.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>penelitian Autisme</strong></p>
<p>Tahun 1960 penanganan anak dengan autisme secara umum didasarkan pada model psikodinamika, menawarkan harapan akan pemulihan melalui <em>experiential manipulations</em> (Rimland, 1964). Namun demikian model psikodinamika dianggap tidak cukup efektif. Pada pertengahan tahun 1960-an, terdapat sejumlah laporan penelitian bahwa pelaku psikodinamik tidak dapat memberikan apa yang mereka janjikan (Lovaas, 1987). Melalui berbagai literatur, dapat disebutkan beberapa ahli yang memiliki perbedaan filosofis, variasi-variasi treatment dan target-target khusus lainnya, seperti:</p>
<ul>
<li>Rimland (1964): Meneliti karakteristik orang tua yang memiliki anak dengan autisme, seperti: pekerja keras, pintar, obsesif, rutin dan detail. Ia juga meneliti penyebab autisme yang menurutnya mengarah pada faktor biologis.</li>
<li>Bettelheim (1967): Ide penyebab autisme adalah adanya penolakan dari orang tua. <em>Infantile Autism</em> disebabkan harapan orang tua untuk tidak memiliki anak, karena pada saat itu psikoterapi yang sangat berpengaruh, maka ia menginstitusionalkan 46 anak dengan autistime untuk keluar dari stress berat. Namun tidak dilaporkan secara detail kelanjutan dari hasil pekerjaannya tersebut.</li>
<li>Delacato (1974): Autisme disebabkan oleh <em>Brain injured</em>. Sebagai seorang Fisioterapi maka Delacato memberikan <em>treatment</em> yang bersifat sensoris. Pengaruh ini kemudian berkembang pada Doman yang dikemudian hari mengembangkan metode Gleen Doman.</li>
<li>Lovaas (1987): Mengaplikasikan teori Skinne dan menerapkan <em>Behavior Modification</em> kepada anak-anak berkebutuhan khusus, termasuk anak dengan autistisme di dalamnya. Ia membuat program-program intervensi bagi anak-anak berkebutuhan khusus yang dilakukannya di UCLA. Dari hasil program-program Lovaas, anak-anak dengan autisme mendapatkan program modifikasi perilaku yang kemudian berkembang secara professional dalam jurnal-jurnal psikologi.</li>
</ul>
<p>Hingga saat ini terdapat banyak program intervensi perilaku bagi anak dengan autisme, setiap program memiliki berbagai variasi dan pengembangan-pengembangan sendiri sesuai dengan penelitian-penelitan dilakukan. Perkembangan studi mengenai autisme kemudian disampaikan oleh Rogers, Sally J., sebagaimana disebutkan di bawah ini:</p>
<ul>
<li>1960s Heavy emphasis on causes of autism, correlates of autism</li>
<li>1970s Heavy emphasis on assessment, diagnosis: emerging literature on treatment</li>
<li>1980s Heavy emphasis on functional assessment and treatment, school-based services</li>
<li>1990s Heavy emphasis on social interventions, assessment, school-based services</li>
<li>2000s Litigation, school-based services</li>
</ul>
<p>supported by</p>
<p><strong><img class="alignright" title="DIAZ PAPA PERIKSA" src="http://childrenclinic.files.wordpress.com/2008/12/diaz-papa-periksa.jpg?w=242&#038;h=138&#038;h=138" alt="DIAZ PAPA PERIKSA" width="242" height="138" /></strong><strong>CLINIC FOR CHILDREN </strong><strong>Yudhasmara Foundation </strong><strong> </strong><strong> </strong><a href="http://www.clinicforchildren.blogspot.com/">www.childrenclinic.wordpress.com/</a></p>
<ul>
<li>
<div><strong>Children’s Allergy Center Online</strong> <a href="http://www.childrenallergyclinic.wordpress.com/">www.childrenallergyclinic.wordpress.com/</a></div>
</li>
<li>
<div><strong>Picky Eaters Clinic, Klinik Kesulitan makan Pada Anak</strong> <a href="http://www.childrenallergyclinic.wordpress.com/">www.mypickyeaters.wordpress.com/</a></div>
</li>
<li>
<div>Email<strong> : </strong><strong> </strong><a href="mailto:judarwanto@gmail.com"><strong>judarwanto@gmail.com</strong></a> Office : JL Taman bendungan Asahan 5 Bendungan Hilir Jakarta Pusat 10210  Phone : (021) 70081995 – 5703646<strong><em><strong> </strong></em></strong></div>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><em><strong>WORKING TOGETHER SUPPORT TO THE HEALTH OF ALL CHILDREN BY CLINICAL, RESEARCH AND EDUCATIONS.</strong><strong> </strong><strong> </strong><strong><em>Advancing of the future pediatric and future parenting to optimalized physical, mental and social health and well being for fetal, newborn, infant, children, adolescents and young adult</em></strong></em></strong></p>
<p><img class="alignleft" src="http://mypickyeaters.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/img_6331.jpg?w=148&#038;h=222&#038;h=222" alt="" width="148" height="222" /><strong>Clinical -  Editor in Chief : </strong><strong>WIDODO JUDARWANTO, pediatrician </strong><strong>email : </strong><a href="mailto:judarwanto@gmail.com"><strong>judarwanto@gmail.com</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="http://childrenclinic.wordpress.com/2009/02/18/curriculum-vitae-dr-widodo-judarwanto/">curriculum vitae</a></p>
<p>For Daily Newsletter join with this Twitter <a href="https://twitter.com/WidoJudarwanto" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/WidoJudarwanto</a></p>
<p>Information on this web site is provided for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. You should not use the information on this web site for diagnosing or treating a medical or health condition. You should carefully read all product packaging. If you have or suspect you have a medical problem, promptly contact your professional healthcare provider</p>
<p>Copyright © 2011, Clinic For Children   Information Education Network. All rights reserved</p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/246/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/246/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/246/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/246/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/246/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/246/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/246/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/246/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/246/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/246/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/246/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/246/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/246/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/246/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6332245&amp;post=246&amp;subd=childrenautismclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/23/autism-sebuah-gangguan-perilaku-pada-anak/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/f6debdeb22f6b0399ef2901158cc415a?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">cfc</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Autistic-sweetiepie-boy-with-ducksinarow.jpg/220px-Autistic-sweetiepie-boy-with-ducksinarow.jpg" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://childrenclinic.files.wordpress.com/2008/12/diaz-papa-periksa.jpg?w=242&#038;h=138&#038;h=138" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">DIAZ PAPA PERIKSA</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://mypickyeaters.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/img_6331.jpg?w=148&#038;h=175&#038;h=222" medium="image" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Sindrom Asperger, Deteksi Dini dan Penanganannya</title>
		<link>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/23/sindrom-asperger-deteksi-dini-dan-penanganannya/</link>
		<comments>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/23/sindrom-asperger-deteksi-dini-dan-penanganannya/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 23 Oct 2011 23:10:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>The Children Indonesia</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[diagnosis-deteksi dini]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gangguan Perilaku lainnya]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[penanganan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[pencegahan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[penyebab]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tanda-gejala]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Deteksi Dini dan Penanganannya]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sindrom Asperger]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/?p=243</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Sindrom Asperger (Asperger syndrome, Asperger&#8217;s syndrome, Asperger&#8217;s disorder, Asperger&#8217;s atau AS) adalah salah satu gejala autisme di mana para penderitanya memiliki kesulitan dalam berkomunikasi dengan lingkungannya, sehingga kurang begitu diterima. Sindrom ini ditemukan oleh Hans Asperger pada tahun 1944. Asperger&#8217;s &#8230; <a href="http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/23/sindrom-asperger-deteksi-dini-dan-penanganannya/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6332245&amp;post=243&amp;subd=childrenautismclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Sindrom Asperger (<em>Asperger syndrome</em>, <em>Asperger&#8217;s syndrome</em>, <em>Asperger&#8217;s disorder</em>, <em>Asperger&#8217;s</em> atau <em>AS</em>) adalah salah satu gejala autisme di mana para penderitanya memiliki kesulitan dalam berkomunikasi dengan lingkungannya, sehingga kurang begitu diterima. Sindrom ini ditemukan oleh Hans Asperger pada tahun 1944.</strong></p>
<p>Asperger&#8217;s syndrome merupakan salah satu tipe pervasive development disorder (PDD). PDDs merupakan sekelompok kondisi termasuk keterlambatan perkembangan keahlian dasar seperti keterampilan bersosialisasi dengan, berkomunikasi dan menggunakan imajinasi. Meskipun Asperger&#8217;s syndrome mempunyai kesaman dengan autisme (jenis PPDs yang lebih parah), gangguan ini juga memiliki perbedaan di beberapa bidang. Anak-anak dengan Asperger&#8217;s syndrome pada umumnya mempunyai fungsi lebih baik dibandingkan anak-anak autisme.</p>
<p>Selain itu, anak-anak dengan Asperger&#8217;s syndrome umumnya mempunyai kecerdasan normal. Dan meskipun mereka kemungkinan mengalami gangguan berkomunikasi setelah dewasa, anak dengan Asperger&#8217;s syndrome cenderung  mempunyai perkembangan bahasa yang mendekati normal.</p>
<p>Penyebab pasti gangguan ini masih belum diketahui. Akan tetapi, fakta menunjukkan adanya kecenderungan bahwa gangguan ini diturunkan dalam keluarga. Jumlah pasti orang yang mengalami gangguan ini belum diketahui. Tapi, gangguan ini dinyatakan lebih umum dibandingkan autisme. Berdasarkan perkiraan yang dikutip situs webmd.com, sindrom ini dialami oleh 0,024 hingga 0,36 persen dari anak-anak. Gangguan ini lebih umum dialami laki-laki dibandingkan perempuan dan biasanya terdiagnosis saat anak berusia antara dua dan enam tahun.</p>
<p>Sindrom Asperger dibedakan dengan gejala autisme lainnya dilihat dari kemampuan linguistik dan kognitif para penderitanya yang relatif tidak mengalami penurunan, bahkan dengan IQ yang relatif tinggi atau rata-rata (ini berarti sebagian besar penderita sindrom Asperger bisa hidup secara mandiri, tidak seperti autisme lainnya). Sindrom Asperger juga bukanlah sebuah penyakit mental.</p>
<p>Ketika orang berbicara, umumnya mereka menggunakan bahasa tubuh seperti senyuman dan komunikasi nonverbal lainnya, dan juga kata-kata yang dikeluarkan oleh mereka cenderung memiliki lebih dari satu buah makna. Seorang penderita sindrom Asperger memiliki kesulitan untuk memahami bentuk-bentuk komunikasi non-verbal serta kata-kata yang memiliki banyak arti seperti itu, dan mereka hanya memahami apa arti kata tersebut, seperti yang ia pahami di dalam kamus. Para penderita sindrom Asperger tidak mengetahui bagaimana memahami ironi, sarkasme, dan penggunaan bahasa slang, apalagi memahami mimik muka/eskpersi orang lain. Mereka juga tidak tahu bagaimana caranya untuk bersosialisasi dengan orang lain dan cenderung menjadi pemalu.</p>
<p>Para dokter melihat sindrom Asperger sebagai sebuah bentuk autisme. Seringnya, disebut sebagai &#8220;autisme yang memiliki banyak fungsi/<em>high-functioning autism</em>&#8220;. Hal ini berarti setiap penderita sindrom Asperger terlihat seperti halnya bukan seorang autis, tetapi ketika dilihat, otak mereka bekerja secara berbeda dari orang lain. Para dokter juga sering mengambil kesimpulan yang salah mengenai sindrom Asperger setelah mendiagnosis penderitanya, dan memvonisnya sebagai pengidap skizofrenia, ADHD, sindrom Tourette atau kelainan mental lainnya.</p>
<p>Bagian otak yang memiliki kaitan untuk melakukan hubungan sosial dengan orang lain juga sebenarnya mengontrol bagaimana tubuh bergerak dan juga keseimbangan tubuh. Karena itu, seorang penderita sindrom Asperger mungkin mengalami masalah yang melibatkan pergerakan tubuh, seperti halnya olah raga, atau bahkan jalan kaki, yang kadang-kadang sering terpeleset. Mereka juga memiliki kebiasaan grogi/<em>nervous</em>.</p>
<p>Para penderita sindrom Asperger cenderung lebih baik dibandingkan orang-orang lain dalam beberapa hal seperti matematika dan hitung-hitungan, tulisan serta pemrograman komputer. Banyak Penderita sindrom Asperger memiliki cara penulisan yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan cara mereka berbicara dengan orang lain. Mereka juga memiliki sebuah minat yang khusus yang mereka tekuni dan bahkan mereka menekuninya sangat detail, serta mereka justru menemukan hal-hal kecil yang orang lain sering melewatkannya</p>
<p>Gejala</p>
<p>Gejala Asperger&#8217;s syndrome bervariasi dan mempunyai rentang dari ringan hingga berat. Gejala-gejala umum termasuk:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Gangguan keterampilan sosial.</strong> Anak-anak dengan Asperger&#8217;s syndrome pada umumnya kesulitan berinteraksi dengan orang lain dan seringkali kaku dalam situasi sosial. Pada umumnya mereka sulit berteman.</li>
<li><strong>Perilahu eksentrik atau kebiasaan yang berulang-ulang.</strong> Anak-anak dengan kondisi ini kemungkinan melakukan gerakan yang berulang-ulang, seperti meremas-remas atau memutar jari tangan. Ritual yang tidak biasa. Anak dengan Asperger&#8217;s syndrome kemungkinan mengembangkan ritual yang selalu diikuti, seperti mengenakan pakaian dengan urutan tertentu.</li>
<li><strong>Kesulitan komunikasi.</strong> Orang-orang dengan Asperger&#8217;s syndrome kemungkinan tidak melakukan kontak mata saat berbicara dengan seseorang. Mereka mungkin bermasalah menggunakan ekspresi dan gerak tubuh serta kesulitan memahami bahasa tubuh. Selain itu, mereka cenderung bermasalah memahami bahasa dalam konteks.</li>
<li><strong>Keterbatasan ketertarikan.</strong> Anak dengan Asperger&#8217;s syndrome kemungkinan memiliki ketertarikan yang intens bahkan terobsesi terhadap beberapa bidang, seperti jadwal olahraga, cuaca atau peta.</li>
<li><strong>Masalah koordinasi</strong>. Gerakan anak dengan Asperger&#8217;s syndrome kelihatan ceroboh dan kaku.</li>
<li><strong>Berbakat</strong>. Banyak anak dengan Asperger&#8217;s syndrome sangat berbakat di bidang tertentu, seperti musik atau matematika.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Terapi</strong></p>
<p>Asperger&#8217;s syndrome belum bisa disembuhkan sepenuhnya. Akan tetapi, Anda bisa mencoba penanganan yang bisa meningkatkan fungsi dan mengurangi perilaku yang tidak diinginkan. Orang dengan Asperger&#8217;s syndrome biasanya ditangani dengan kombinasi dari langkah-langkah berikut:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Pendidikan khusus:</strong> Pendidikan yang didisain untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pendidikan anak yang unik.</li>
<li><strong>Modifikasi perilaku:</strong> Hal ini meliputi strategi untuk mendukung perilaku positif dan mengurangi perilaku bermasalah.</li>
<li><strong>Terapi bicara, fisik dan terapi okupasional:</strong> Terapi ini didisain untuk meningkatkan kemampuan fungsional anak.</li>
<li><strong>Obat-obatan.</strong> Tidak ada obat yang khusus untuk menangani Asperger&#8217;s syndrome. Tapi, obat-obatan bisa digunakan untuk mengatasi gejala khusus, seperti kecemasan, depresi, serta perilaku yang hiperaktif dan terobsesi.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>supported by</strong><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong></strong><strong>CLINIC FOR CHILDREN </strong><strong>Yudhasmara Foundation </strong><strong> </strong><strong> </strong><a href="http://www.clinicforchildren.blogspot.com/">www.childrenclinic.wordpress.com/</a></p>
<ul>
<li>
<div><strong>Children’s Allergy Center Online</strong> <a href="http://www.childrenallergyclinic.wordpress.com/">www.childrenallergyclinic.wordpress.com/</a></div>
</li>
<li>
<div><strong>Picky Eaters Clinic, Klinik Kesulitan makan Pada Anak</strong> <a href="http://www.childrenallergyclinic.wordpress.com/">www.mypickyeaters.wordpress.com/</a></div>
</li>
<li>
<div>Email<strong> : </strong><strong> </strong><a href="mailto:judarwanto@gmail.com"><strong>judarwanto@gmail.com</strong></a> Office : JL Taman bendungan Asahan 5 Bendungan Hilir Jakarta Pusat 10210  Phone : (021) 70081995 – 5703646<strong><em><strong> </strong></em></strong></div>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><em><strong>WORKING TOGETHER SUPPORT TO THE HEALTH OF ALL CHILDREN BY CLINICAL, RESEARCH AND EDUCATIONS.</strong><strong> </strong><strong> </strong><strong><em>Advancing of the future pediatric and future parenting to optimalized physical, mental and social health and well being for fetal, newborn, infant, children, adolescents and young adult</em></strong></em></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#800000;">Clinical -  Editor in Chief :</span></strong></p>
<p><strong>WIDODO JUDARWANTO, pediatrician </strong><strong>email : </strong><a href="mailto:judarwanto@gmail.com"><strong>judarwanto@gmail.com</strong></a> <a href="http://childrenclinic.wordpress.com/2009/02/18/curriculum-vitae-dr-widodo-judarwanto/">curriculum vitae</a></p>
<p>For Daily Newsletter join with this Twitter <a href="https://twitter.com/WidoJudarwanto" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/WidoJudarwanto</a></p>
<p>Information on this web site is provided for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. You should not use the information on this web site for diagnosing or treating a medical or health condition. You should carefully read all product packaging. If you have or suspect you have a medical problem, promptly contact your professional healthcare provider</p>
<p><strong>Copyright © 2011, Clinic For Children   Information Education Network. All rights reserved</strong></p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/243/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/243/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/243/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/243/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/243/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/243/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/243/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/243/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/243/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/243/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/243/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/243/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/243/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/243/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6332245&amp;post=243&amp;subd=childrenautismclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2011/10/23/sindrom-asperger-deteksi-dini-dan-penanganannya/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/f6debdeb22f6b0399ef2901158cc415a?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">cfc</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Penelitian Terakhir Tetap Tidak Membuktikan Bahwa MMR berkaitan dengan Autis</title>
		<link>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2010/02/23/penelitian-terakhir-tetap-tidak-membuktikan-bahwa-mmr-berkaitan-dengan-autis/</link>
		<comments>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2010/02/23/penelitian-terakhir-tetap-tidak-membuktikan-bahwa-mmr-berkaitan-dengan-autis/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 23 Feb 2010 00:50:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>The Children Indonesia</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[penyebab]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Penelitian Terakhir Tetap Tidak Membuktikan Bahwa MMR berkaitan dengan Autis]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2010/02/23/penelitian-terakhir-tetap-tidak-membuktikan-bahwa-mmr-berkaitan-dengan-autis/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Penelitian Terakhir Tetap Tidak Membuktikan Bahwa MMR berkaitan dengan Autis Sebuah studi baru memberikan bukti lebih lanjut bahwa vaksin measles-mumps-rubella tidak terkait dengan peningkatan risiko autis. Kekhawatiran bahwa suntikan MMR bisa menyebabkan autis pertama kali diangkat satu dekade yang lalu &#8230; <a href="http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2010/02/23/penelitian-terakhir-tetap-tidak-membuktikan-bahwa-mmr-berkaitan-dengan-autis/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6332245&amp;post=231&amp;subd=childrenautismclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Penelitian Terakhir Tetap Tidak Membuktikan Bahwa MMR berkaitan dengan Autis </p>
<p>Sebuah studi baru memberikan bukti lebih lanjut bahwa vaksin measles-mumps-rubella tidak terkait dengan peningkatan risiko autis.</p>
<p>Kekhawatiran bahwa suntikan MMR bisa menyebabkan autis pertama kali diangkat satu dekade yang lalu oleh dokter Inggris Andrew Wakefield, yang berdasarkan penelitian dari 12 anak-anak, mengusulkan bahwa ada kaitan antara vaksin dengan penyakit usus dan autis.</p>
<p>Penelitian telah dilakukan sejak didiskreditkan secara luas, dan sejumlah studi internasional telah gagal untuk menemukan hubungan antara vaksinasi MMR dan autis.</p>
<p>Studi terbaru ini termasuk anak Polandia usia 2-15 yang telah didiagnosis dengan autis. Peneliti membandingkan setiap anak dengan dua anak-anak yang sehat umur dan jenis kelamin yang sama yang telah dirawat oleh dokter yang sama. Beberapa anak telah menerima vaksin MMR, sementara yang lain tidak diberi vaksin sama sekali atau telah menerima vaksin untuk melawan campak saja. Polandia telah lebih lambat untuk memperkenalkan MMR dibandingkan negara-negara Eropa lainnya, tapi selama sepuluh tahun terakhir, perlahan-lahan vaksin telah digantikan dengan suntikan campak saja.</p>
<p>Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini menemukan, anak-anak yang telah menerima vaksin MMR benar-benar memiliki risiko yang lebih rendah terkena autisme daripada yang tidak divaksinasi. Juga tidak ada bukti</p>
<p>Children Autism Clinic Online</p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/231/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/231/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/231/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/231/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/231/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/231/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/231/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/231/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/231/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/231/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/231/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/231/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/231/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/231/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6332245&amp;post=231&amp;subd=childrenautismclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2010/02/23/penelitian-terakhir-tetap-tidak-membuktikan-bahwa-mmr-berkaitan-dengan-autis/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/f6debdeb22f6b0399ef2901158cc415a?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">cfc</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>PENELITIAN TENTANG AUTIS DARI MASA KE MASA</title>
		<link>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2010/02/22/penelitian-tentang-autis-dari-masa-ke-masa/</link>
		<comments>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2010/02/22/penelitian-tentang-autis-dari-masa-ke-masa/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 22 Feb 2010 20:49:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>The Children Indonesia</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[diagnosis-deteksi dini]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[penanganan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[penyebab]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[PENELITIAN TENTANG AUTIS DARI MASA KE MASA]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2010/02/22/penelitian-tentang-autisn-dari-masa-ke-masa/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[PENELITIAN TENTANG AUTIS DARI MASA KE MASA Tahun 1960 penanganan anak dengan autisme secara umum didasarkan pada model psikodinamika, Offering some hope for recovery through experiential manipulations( Rimland, 1964). Namun demikian model psikodinamika dianggap tidak cukup efektif. By the mid-1960s, &#8230; <a href="http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2010/02/22/penelitian-tentang-autis-dari-masa-ke-masa/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6332245&amp;post=229&amp;subd=childrenautismclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>PENELITIAN TENTANG AUTIS DARI MASA KE MASA</p>
<p>Tahun 1960 penanganan anak dengan autisme secara umum didasarkan pada model psikodinamika, Offering some hope for recovery through experiential manipulations( Rimland, 1964). Namun demikian model psikodinamika dianggap tidak cukup efektif. By the mid-1960s, an increasing number of studies reported that psychodymanic practitioners were unable to deliver on that promise (Lovaas, 1987). Melalui berbagai literatur, dapat disebutkan beberapa ahli yang memiliki perbedaan filosofis, variasi-variasi treatment dan target-target khusus lainnya, seperti:</p>
<p>Rimland (1964): Meneliti karakteristik orang tua yang memiliki anak dengan autis, seperti: pekerja keras, pintar, obsesif, rutin dan detail. Ia juga meneliti penyebab autis yang menurutnya mengarah pada faktor biologis.</p>
<p>Bettelheim (1967): Ide penyebab autisme adalah adanya penolakan dariorang tua. Infantile Autism disebabkan harapan orang tua untuk tidak memiliki anak, karena pada saat itu psychotherapy yang sangat berpengaruh, maka ia menginstitusionalkan 46 anak dengan autistime untuk keluar dari stress berat. Namun tidak dilaporkan secara detail kelanjutan dari hasil pekerjaannya tersebut.</p>
<p>Delacato (1974): Autisme disebabkan oleh ‘Brain injured&#8217;. Sebagai seorang Fisioterapi maka Delacato memberikan treatment yang bersifat sensoris. Pengaruh ini kemudian berkembang pada Doman yang dikemudian hari mengembangkan metode Gleen Doman.</p>
<p>Lovaas (1987): Mengaplikasikan teori Skinne dan menerapkan Behavior Modification kepada anak-anak berkebutuhan khusus, termasuk anak dengan autistis di dalamnya. Ia membuat program-program intervensi bagi anak-anak berkebutuhan khusus yang dilakukannya di UCLA. Dari hasil program-program Lovaas, anak-anak dengan autis mendapatkan program modifikasi perilaku yang kemudian berkembang secara professional dalam jurnal-jurnal psikologi. </p>
<p>Hingga saat ini terdapat banyak program intervensi perilaku bagi anak dengan autis, setiap program memiliki berbagai variasi dan pengembangan-pengembangan sendiri sesuai dengan penelitian-penelitan dilakukan. </p>
<p>Perkembangan studi mengenai autis kemudian disampaikan oleh Rogers, Sally J., seperti disebutkan di bawah ini:</p>
<p>* 1960s Heavy emphasis on causes of autism, correlates of autism<br />
* 1970s Heavy emphasis on assessment, diagnosis: emerging literature on treatment<br />
* 1980s Heavy emphasis on functional assessment and treatment, school-based services<br />
* 1990s Heavy emphasis on social interventions, assessment, school-based services<br />
* 2000s Litigation, school-based services </p>
<p>Children Autism Clinic Online</p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/229/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/229/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/229/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/229/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/229/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/229/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/229/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/229/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/229/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/229/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/229/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/229/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/229/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/229/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6332245&amp;post=229&amp;subd=childrenautismclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2010/02/22/penelitian-tentang-autis-dari-masa-ke-masa/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/f6debdeb22f6b0399ef2901158cc415a?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">cfc</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Analisa Genetik Autis, Tren Baru Pengobatan Autism</title>
		<link>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2010/02/22/analisa-genetik-autis-tren-baru-pengobatan-autism/</link>
		<comments>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2010/02/22/analisa-genetik-autis-tren-baru-pengobatan-autism/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 22 Feb 2010 20:40:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>The Children Indonesia</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[penanganan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Analisa Genetik Autis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tren Baru Pengobatan Autism]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2010/02/22/analisa-genetik-autis-tren-baru-pengobatan-autism/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Analisa Genetik Autis, Tren Baru Pengobatan Autism Hasil dari suatu studi baru-baru ini menunjukan bahwa beberapa kasus autis disebabkan oleh kerusakan gen yang dapat diaktivasi atau dideaktivasi oleh aktivitas mental; hal ini dapat menjadi titik awal pencarian metode penyembuhan. Kesimpulan &#8230; <a href="http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2010/02/22/analisa-genetik-autis-tren-baru-pengobatan-autism/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6332245&amp;post=227&amp;subd=childrenautismclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Analisa Genetik Autis, Tren Baru Pengobatan Autism </p>
<p>Hasil dari suatu studi baru-baru ini menunjukan bahwa beberapa kasus autis disebabkan oleh kerusakan gen yang dapat diaktivasi atau dideaktivasi oleh aktivitas mental; hal ini dapat menjadi titik awal pencarian metode penyembuhan. </p>
<p>Kesimpulan ini diperoleh setelah suatu analisis gen pada lebih dari seratus keluarga di Timur Tengah dimana kondisi ini terjadi pada tingkat yang lebih tinggi dari umumnya.</p>
<p>Studi yang dipresentasikan pada hari Jumat lalu pada Journal Science ini ,juga mendukung data yang telah didapat sebelumnya, yaitu dimana autis disebabkan oleh mutasi beberapa jaringan sel otak yang terjadi pada tahun pertama setelah kelahiran. </p>
<p>Dari enam jenis gen yang diidentifikasi laporan tersebut, tiga dikendalikan oleh aktivitas neuron secara implisit, yaitu melalui apa yang dirasakan, dipikir dan dilakukan oleh seseorang; fakta ini mengindikasikan kemungkinan untuk mencegah penyakit ini dengan cara mengubah pola interaksi dengan anak-anak autis.</p>
<p>Christopher A. Walsh, kepala tim penyelidikan, neurologis dan gen anak pada rumah sakit anak di Boston, mengatakan bahwa gen yang telah diidentifikasi oleh studi tersebut bertinteraksi dengan lingkungan dan memegang peran dalam mempengaruhi proses kerja otak. Ia juga mengatakan bahwa jika suatu cara untuk mengaktivasi gen tersebut telah ditemukan, maka peluang penyembuhan meningkat.</p>
<p>Menurut suatu studi di Centers for Disease Control and Prevention yang dilaksanakan tahun lalu, 1 dari 150 anak di Amerika Serikat mengalami gangguan autisme. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa studi-studi tersebut amatlah penting.</p>
<p>Sumber : www.topnews.in</p>
<p>Dr Widodo Judarwanto SpA<br />
Children Autism Clinic Online</p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/227/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/227/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/227/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/227/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/227/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/227/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/227/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/227/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/227/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/227/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/227/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/227/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/227/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/227/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6332245&amp;post=227&amp;subd=childrenautismclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2010/02/22/analisa-genetik-autis-tren-baru-pengobatan-autism/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/f6debdeb22f6b0399ef2901158cc415a?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">cfc</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Pemberian Hormon Oksitosin Memperbaiki Autis</title>
		<link>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2010/02/22/pemberian-hormon-oksitosin-memperbaiki-autis/</link>
		<comments>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2010/02/22/pemberian-hormon-oksitosin-memperbaiki-autis/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 22 Feb 2010 20:28:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>The Children Indonesia</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[penanganan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[penyebab]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pemberian Hormon Oksitosin Memperbaiki Autis]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2010/02/22/hormon-oxytocin-bantu-tangani-autis-2/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Pemberian Hormon Oksitosin Memperbaiki Autis Oksitosin atau yang dikenal juga dengan hormon cinta, bisa membantu mengembangkan keterampilan  dan perilaku sosial penderita autis pada level high-functioning. High-functioning autism merupakan istilah informal yang merujuk pada orang-orang autis yang dianggap memiliki fungsi yang &#8230; <a href="http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2010/02/22/pemberian-hormon-oksitosin-memperbaiki-autis/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6332245&amp;post=223&amp;subd=childrenautismclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Pemberian Hormon Oksitosin Memperbaiki Autis </p>
<p>Oksitosin atau yang dikenal juga dengan hormon cinta, bisa membantu mengembangkan keterampilan  dan perilaku sosial penderita autis pada level high-functioning. </p>
<p>High-functioning autism merupakan istilah informal yang merujuk pada orang-orang autis yang dianggap memiliki fungsi yang lebih tinggi di bidang tertentu dibandingkan penderita autis pada umumnya. </p>
<p>Sebuah studi baru menunjukkan bahwa orang-orang dengan gangguan high-functioning autism, seperti Asperger&#8217;s syndrome, yang ditangani dengan oxytocin merespon lebih kuat terhadap orang lain dan menunjukkan lebih banyak perilaku sosial yang tepat. </p>
<p>Meskipun mempunyai kemampuan intelektual yang tinggi, orang-orang dengan high-functioning autism kurang keahlian sosial untuk bergaul secara tepat dengan orang lain di dalam masyarakat. </p>
<p>Oksitosin dinamakan hormon cinta karena dikenal menguatkan hubungan antara ibu dan bayi. Hormon ini juga diyakini terlibat dalam pengaturan emosi dan perilaku sosial lainnya. Penelitian lain telah menemukan bahwa anak-anak autis memiliki kadar oksitosin yang lebih rendah dibandingkan anak-anak tanpa autis. </p>
<p>Dalam studi yang dipublikasikan di Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ini, peneliti memeriksa efek menghirup oksitosin terhadap perilaku sosial pada 13 orang dewasa muda dengan high-functioning autism  dalam dua percobaan terpisah. Selain itu, peneliti juga melibatkan 13 partisipan tanpa autis sebagai kelompok pembanding. </p>
<p>Pada percobaan pertama, peneliti mengamati perilaku sosial partisipan dalam ball-tossing game di komputer. Dalam game ini, pemain diminta memilih mengirim bola kepada karakter yang baik, buruk atau netral. </p>
<p>Pada umumnya, orang-orang dengan autis tidak akan terlalu memperhatikan ketiga pilihan tersebut. Tapi dalam percobaan ini, mereka yang menghirup oxytocin lebih banyak terlibat dengan karakter baik dan mengirim lebih banyak bola kepada karakter yang baik dibandingkan yang jahat. </p>
<p>Partisipan dengan autis yang diberikan placebo tidak menunjukkan perbedaan respon terhadap ketiga karakter. Sedang kelompok pembanding tanpa autis mengirim lebih banyak bola kepada karakter yang baik. </p>
<p>Dalam percobaan kedua, peneliti mengukur tingkat perhatian dan respon partisipan terhadap gambar wajah manusia. Mereka yang ditangani dengan oxytocin lebih memperhatikan tanda-tanda visual di gambar dan melihat lebih lama pada area wajah yang berkaitan dengan informasi sosial, seperti mata. </p>
<p>&#8220;Di bawah pengaruh oxytocin, pasien merespon lebih kuat terhadap orang lain dan menunjukkan perilaku sosial yang lebih tepat. Hal ini menunjukkan potensi terapi oksitosin dalam menangani autis,&#8221; terang peneliti Elissar Andari dari Centre NÃ¡tional de la Recherche Scientifique di Bron, Prancis, seperti dikutip situs webmd.com. </p>
<p>Peneliti menyatakan bahwa hasil studi ini mengindikasikan perlunya studi lanjutan untuk memeriksa efek oksitosin terhadap keterampilan dan perilaku sosial pada orang-orang dengan high-functioning autism. </p>
<p>Dr Widodo Judarwanto SpA<br />
Children Autism Clinic Online</p>
<p>￼</p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/223/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/223/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/223/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/223/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/223/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/223/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/223/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/223/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/223/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/223/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/223/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/223/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/223/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/223/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6332245&amp;post=223&amp;subd=childrenautismclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://childrenautismclinic.wordpress.com/2010/02/22/pemberian-hormon-oksitosin-memperbaiki-autis/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/f6debdeb22f6b0399ef2901158cc415a?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">cfc</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
	</channel>
</rss>
